ANT (network)

ANT (Adaptive Network Topology[1]) is a proprietary (but open access) multicast wireless sensor network technology designed and marketed by ANT Wireless (a division of Garmin Canada).[2] It is primarily used for sports and fitness sensors. ANT was introduced by Dynastream Innovations in 2003, followed by the low-power standard ANT+ in 2004, before Dynastream was bought by Garmin in 2006.[3]

ANT
IndustryWireless Sensor Networks
Physical range100m

ANT defines a wireless communications protocol stack that enables hardware operating in the 2.4 GHz ISM band to communicate by establishing standard rules for co-existence, data representation, signalling, authentication, and error detection.[4] It is conceptually similar to Bluetooth low energy, but is oriented towards usage with sensors.

Overview

ANT-powered nodes are capable of acting as slaves or masters within a wireless sensor network concurrently. This means the nodes can act as transmitters, receivers, or transceivers to route traffic to other nodes. In addition, every node is capable of determining when to transmit based on the activity of its neighbors.[4]

Typical applications

ANT is primarily incorporated into sports and fitness sensors, though it may additionally be used for other purposes. The transceivers are embedded in equipment such as heart rate monitors, watches, cycling power meters, cadence meters, and distance and speed monitors to form wireless personal area networks (PANs) monitoring a user's performance. ANT Wireless has been attempting to diversify the protocol's applications into other sectors, including health, home automation, and industrial applications. As of April 2019, the ANT website lists over 170 brands using ANT technology.[5]

Technical information

ANT can be configured to spend long periods in a low-power “sleep” mode (consuming of the order of microamps of current), wake up briefly to communicate (when consumption rises to a peak of 22mA (at -5dB) during reception and 13.5mA (at -5 dB) during transmission)[6] and return to sleep mode. Average current consumption for low message rates is less than 60 microamps on some devices.[6]

Each ANT channel consists of one or more transmitting nodes and one or more receiving nodes, depending on the network topology. Any node can transmit or receive, so the channels are bi-directional.[7]

ANT accommodates three types of messaging: broadcast, acknowledged, and burst. Broadcast is a one-way communication from one node to another (or many). The receiving node(s) transmit no acknowledgment, but the receiving node may still send messages back to the transmitting node. This technique is suited to sensor applications and is the most economical method of operation.[7]

Acknowledged messaging confirms receipt of data packets. The transmitter is informed of success or failure, although there are no retransmissions. This technique is suited to control applications.[7]

ANT can also be used for burst messaging; this is a multi-message transmission technique using the full data bandwidth and running to completion. The receiving node acknowledges receipt and informs of corrupted packets that the transmitter then re-sends. The packets are sequence numbered for traceability. This technique is suited to data block transfer where the integrity of the data is paramount.[7]

Comparison to other protocols

ANT was designed for low bit-rate and low power sensor networks, in a manner conceptually similar to (but not compatible with) Bluetooth low energy.[4] This is in contrast with normal Bluetooth, which was designed for relatively high bit-rate applications such as streaming sound for low power headsets.

ANT uses adaptive isochronous transmission[8] to allow many ANT devices to communicate concurrently without interference from one another, unlike Bluetooth LE, which supports an unlimited number of nodes through scatternets and broadcasting between devices.

ANT Z-Wave Bluetooth Bluetooth LE ZigBee
Standardisation Proprietary Proprietary Standard Standard Standard
Topologies Point-to-point, star, tree, mesh[4] Mesh Point-to-point, scatternet Point-to-point, star, mesh Mesh
Band 2.4 GHz 2.4 GHz and 900 MHz (slightly varies per country) 2.4 GHz 2.4 GHz 2.4 GHz (+ sub-GHz for ZigBee PRO)
Range 30 metres at 0 dBm[9] 10-100 metres 1–100 metres 10–600 metres in air (Bluetooth 5) 10–100 metres
Max data rate Broadcast/Ack - 200 Hz[10] × 8 bytes × 8 bits = 12.8 kbit/s

Burst - 20 kbit/s[10]
Advanced Burst - 60kbit/s[10]

 100kbit/s 1-3 Mbit/s[9] 125 kbit/sec, 250 kbit/sec, 500 kbit/sec, 1 Mbit/s[9], 2 Mbit/s (Bluetooth 5 PHY speeds) 250 kbit/s (at 2.4 GHz)
Application throughput 0.5 Hz to 200 Hz (8 bytes data)[10] 0.7-2.1 Mbit/s[9] 305 kbit/s[9] (Bluetooth 4.0)
Max nodes in piconet 65533 per shared channel (8 shared channels) [9] 232 devices per network 1 master and 7 active slaves, 200+ inactive[9] 1 master and 7 slaves (but scatternet unlimited)[9], mesh - 32767[11] star - 65536[9]
Security AES-128 and 64-bit key AES-128 56-128 bit key AES-128 AES-128
Modulation GFSK FSK GFSK GFSK OQPSK

Interference immunity

ANT, ZigBee, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, and some cordless phones all use the 2.4 GHz band (as well as 868- and 915 MHz for regional variants in the latter's case), along with proprietary forms of wireless Ethernet and wireless USB.

Wi-Fi/ZigBee and Bluetooth employ Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) and Frequency-Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) schemes respectively to maintain the integrity of the wireless link.[12]

ANT uses an adaptive isochronous network technology to ensure coexistence with other ANT devices. This scheme provides the ability for each transmission to occur in an interference free time slot within the defined frequency band. The radio transmits for less than 150 µs per message, allowing a single channel to be divided into hundreds of time slots. The ANT messaging period (the time between each node transmitting its data) determines how many time slots are available.[13]

ANT's adaptive isochronous scheme doesn't require a master clock. Transmitters start broadcasting at regular intervals but then modify the transmission timing if interference from a neighbor is detected on a particular time slot. This flexibility allows ANT to adapt to hostile conditions but ensures there is no overhead when interference is not present.

If the radio environment is very crowded, ANT can use frequency agility to allow an application microcontroller-controlled "hop" to an alternative 1 MHz channel in the 2.4 GHz band which can then be subdivided into timeslots.

ANT+

ANT+, introduced in 2004 as "the first ultra low power wireless standard",[3] is an interoperability function that can be added to the base ANT protocol. This standardization allows for the networking of nearby ANT+ devices to facilitate the open collection and interpretation of sensor data. For example, ANT+ enabled fitness monitoring devices such as heart rate monitors, pedometers, speed monitors, and weight scales can all work together to assemble and track performance metrics.[14]

ANT+ is designed and maintained by the ANT+ Alliance which is managed by ANT Wireless, a division of Dynastream Innovations owned by Garmin.[15] ANT+ is used in Garmin's line of fitness monitoring equipment. It is also used by Garmin's Chirp, a geocaching device, for logging and alerting nearby participants.[16]

ANT+ devices require certification from the ANT+ Alliance to ensure compliance with standard device profiles. Each device profile has an icon which may be used to visually match interoperable devices sharing the same device profiles.[5]

The ANT+ specification is publicly available. At DEF CON 2019, Hacker Brad Dixon demonstrated a tool to modify ANT+ data transmitted through USB for cheating in e-cycling.[17]

gollark: Compromise: the power plant itself is TMI. The island is sheep island or whatever.
gollark: Ten Metre Island is online though not actually sending power anywhere.
gollark: * most
gollark: If I had immersive engineering we would have bauxite. I didn't add it, though.
gollark: Nope.

See also

References
  1. "ANT (Adaptive Network Topology)". www.ghostkb.com. 23 April 2020. Retrieved 28 May 2019.
  2. "Garmin Enhances Its Health And Fitness Products With Dynastream Acquisition". InformationWeek. 12 January 2006.
  3. Fahmy, Hossam Mahmoud Ahmad (2 March 2016). Wireless Sensor Networks: Concepts, Applications, Experimentation and Analysis. Springer. ISBN 9789811004124.
  4. Lou Frenzel (29 November 2012). "What's The Difference Between Bluetooth Low Energy And ANT?". Electronics Design.
  5. "Directory - THIS IS ANT". www.thisisant.com. Retrieved 25 April 2019.
  6. "Nordic Semiconductor figures for nRF24AP1". Nordic Semiconductor. Archived from the original on 29 October 2007. Retrieved 11 December 2007.
  7. Khssibi, Sabri; Idoudi, Hanen; Van Den Bossche, Adrien; Saidane, Leila Azzouz (2013). "Presentation and analysis of a new technology for low-power wireless sensor network" (PDF). International Journal of Digital Information and Wireless Communications. 3 (1): 75–86.
  8. http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=8774072.PN.&OS=PN/8774072&RS=PN/8774072%5B%5D%5B%5D
  9. Thomas Aasebø. "Near Field Communication, Bluetooth, ZigBee & ANT+ lecture notes" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 28 April 2015.
  10. "This Is ANT - General Frequently Asked Questions".
  11. "Bluetooth Mesh Glossary of Terms - Limits". www.bluetooth.com. Retrieved 19 July 2017.
  12. Woodings, Ryan; Gerrior, Mark (1 July 2006). "Avoiding Interference in the 2.4-GHz ISM Band". EE Times.
  13. http://dkc1.digikey.com/us/en/tod/Dynastream/Protocol-Basics_NoAudio/Protocol-Basics_NoAudio.html%5B%5D%5B%5D
  14. "Connectivity Options Explained". ANT+ Explained. 27 October 2015.
  15. "About Us - THIS IS ANT". www.thisisant.com. Retrieved 25 April 2019.
  16. "Garmin chirp and the ANT+ Alliance | Garmin Support". support.garmin.com. Retrieved 25 April 2019.
  17. Dixon, Brad (2019). "Cheating in eSports How to Cheat at Virtual Cycling - DEF CON 27 Conference". YouTube. DEF CON. Retrieved 23 January 2020.

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