AIFM1

Apoptosis-inducing factor 1, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the AIFM1 gene on the X chromosome.[5][6] This protein localizes to the mitochondria, as well as the nucleus, where it carries out nuclear fragmentation as part of caspase-independent apoptosis.[7]

AIFM1
Available structures PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes 1M6I, 4BUR, 4BV6, 4FDC, 4LII, 5FS7, 5FS9, 5FS6, 5FS8
Identifiers
Aliases	AIFM1, AIF, CMT2D, CMTX4, COWCK, COXPD6, NADMR, NAMSD, PDCD8, DFNX5, apoptosis inducing factor, mitochondria associated 1, apoptosis inducing factor mitochondria associated 1, AUNX1, SEMDHL
External IDs	OMIM: 300169 MGI: 1349419 HomoloGene: 3100 GeneCards: AIFM1
Gene location (Human) Chr. X chromosome (human)[1] Band Xq26.1 Start 130,129,362 bp[1] End 130,165,887 bp[1]
Gene location (Mouse) Chr. X chromosome (mouse)[2] Band X A5|X 25.68 cM Start 48,474,944 bp[2] End 48,513,563 bp[2]
RNA expression pattern More reference expression data
Gene ontology Molecular function • GO:0001948 protein binding • protein dimerization activity • oxidoreductase activity • flavin adenine dinucleotide binding • NAD(P)H oxidase activity • FAD binding • oxidoreductase activity, acting on NAD(P)H • DNA binding Cellular component • mitochondrial inner membrane • cytoplasm • cytosol • membrane • perinuclear region of cytoplasm • mitochondrial intermembrane space • mitochondrion • cell nucleus Biological process • neuron apoptotic process • response to ischemia • chromosome condensation • cellular response to oxygen-glucose deprivation • activation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process • positive regulation of neuron apoptotic process • regulation of apoptotic DNA fragmentation • cellular response to hydrogen peroxide • intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress • positive regulation of apoptotic process • cellular response to nitric oxide • response to L-glutamate • oxidation-reduction process • positive regulation of cell death • mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I assembly • response to toxic substance • cellular response to estradiol stimulus • neuron differentiation • cellular response to aldosterone • apoptotic process Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs
Species	Human	Mouse
Entrez	9131	26926
Ensembl	ENSG00000156709	ENSMUSG00000036932
UniProt	O95831	Q9Z0X1
RefSeq (mRNA)	NM_001130846 NM_001130847 NM_004208 NM_145812 NM_145813	NM_001290364 NM_012019
RefSeq (protein)	NP_001124318 NP_001124319 NP_004199 NP_665811	NP_001277293 NP_036149
Location (UCSC)	Chr X: 130.13 – 130.17 Mb	Chr X: 48.47 – 48.51 Mb
PubMed search	[3]	[4]
Wikidata
View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse

Structure

AIFM1 is expressed as a 613-residue precursor protein that containing a mitochondrial targeting sequence (MTS) at its N-terminal and two nuclear leading sequences (NLS). Once imported into the mitochondria, the first 54 residues of the N-terminal are cleaved to produce the mature protein, which inserts into the inner mitochondrial membrane. The mature protein incorporates the FAD cofactor and folds into three structural domains: the FAD-binding domain, the NAD-binding domain, and the C-terminal. While the C-terminal is responsible for the proapoptotic activity of AIFM1, the FAD-binding and NAD-binding domains share the classical Rossmann topology with other flavoproteins and the NAD(P)H dependent reductase activity.[7]

Three alternative transcripts encoding different isoforms have been identified for this gene.[6] Two alternatively spliced mRNA isoforms correspond to the inclusion/exclusion of the C-terminal and the reductase domains.[7] A pseudogene that is thought to be related to this gene has been identified on chromosome 10.[6]

Function

This gene encodes a flavoprotein essential for nuclear disassembly in apoptotic cells that is found in the mitochondrial intermembrane space in healthy cells. Induction of apoptosis results in the cleavage of this protein at residue 102 by calpains and/or cathepsins into a soluble and proapoptogenic form that translocates to the nucleus, where it effects chromosome condensation and fragmentation.[6][7] In addition, this gene product induces mitochondria to release the apoptogenic proteins cytochrome c and caspase-9.[6] AIFM1 also contributes reductase activity in redox metabolism.[7]

Clinical significance

Mutations in the AIFM1 gene are correlated with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (Cowchock syndrome).[7][8] At a cellular level, AIFM1 mutations result in deficiencies in oxidative phosphorylation, leading to severe mitochondrial encephalomyopathy.[6] Clinical manifestations of this mutation are characterized by muscular atrophy, neuropathy, ataxia, psychomotor regression, hearing loss and seizures.[9]

Interactions

AIFM1 has been shown to interact with HSPA1A.[10][11]

Evolution

Phylogenetic analysis indicates that the divergence of the AIFM1 and other human AIFs (AIFM2a and AIFM3) sequences occurred before the divergence of eukaryotes. This conclusion is supported by domain architecture of these proteins. Both eukaryotic and eubacterial AIFM1 proteins contain additional domain AIF_C.[12]

References

1. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000156709 - Ensembl, May 2017
2. GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000036932 - Ensembl, May 2017
3. "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
4. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
5. Susin SA, Lorenzo HK, Zamzami N, Marzo I, Snow BE, Brothers GM, Mangion J, Jacotot E, Costantini P, Loeffler M, Larochette N, Goodlett DR, Aebersold R, Siderovski DP, Penninger JM, Kroemer G (February 1999). "Molecular characterization of mitochondrial apoptosis-inducing factor". Nature. 397 (6718): 441–6. doi:10.1038/17135. PMID 9989411.
6. "Entrez Gene: AIFM1 apoptosis-inducing factor, mitochondrion-associated, 1".
7. Ferreira P, Villanueva R, Martínez-Júlvez M, Herguedas B, Marcuello C, Fernandez-Silva P, Cabon L, Hermoso JA, Lostao A, Susin SA, Medina M (July 2014). "Structural insights into the coenzyme mediated monomer-dimer transition of the pro-apoptotic apoptosis inducing factor". Biochemistry. 53 (25): 4204–15. doi:10.1021/bi500343r. PMID 24914854.
8. Rinaldi C, Grunseich C, Sevrioukova IF, Schindler A, Horkayne-Szakaly I, Lamperti C, Landouré G, Kennerson ML, Burnett BG, Bönnemann C, Biesecker LG, Ghezzi D, Zeviani M, Fischbeck KH (December 2012). "Cowchock syndrome is associated with a mutation in apoptosis-inducing factor". American Journal of Human Genetics. 91 (6): 1095–102. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.10.008. PMC 3516602. PMID 23217327.
9. Kettwig M, Schubach M, Zimmermann FA, Klinge L, Mayr JA, Biskup S, Sperl W, Gärtner J, Huppke P (March 2015). "From ventriculomegaly to severe muscular atrophy: expansion of the clinical spectrum related to mutations in AIFM1". Mitochondrion. 21: 12–8. doi:10.1016/j.mito.2015.01.001. PMID 25583628.
10. Ruchalski K, Mao H, Singh SK, Wang Y, Mosser DD, Li F, Schwartz JH, Borkan SC (December 2003). "HSP72 inhibits apoptosis-inducing factor release in ATP-depleted renal epithelial cells". American Journal of Physiology. Cell Physiology. 285 (6): C1483–93. doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00049.2003. PMID 12930708.
11. Ravagnan L, Gurbuxani S, Susin SA, Maisse C, Daugas E, Zamzami N, Mak T, Jäättelä M, Penninger JM, Garrido C, Kroemer G (September 2001). "Heat-shock protein 70 antagonizes apoptosis-inducing factor". Nature Cell Biology. 3 (9): 839–43. doi:10.1038/ncb0901-839. PMID 11533664.
12. Klim J, Gładki A, Kucharczyk R, Zielenkiewicz U, Kaczanowski S (May 2018). "Ancestral State Reconstruction of the Apoptosis Machinery in the Common Ancestor of Eukaryotes". G3. 8 (6): 2121–2134. doi:10.1534/g3.118.200295. PMC 5982838. PMID 29703784.

Further reading

• Daugas E, Nochy D, Ravagnan L, Loeffler M, Susin SA, Zamzami N, Kroemer G (July 2000). "Apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF): a ubiquitous mitochondrial oxidoreductase involved in apoptosis". FEBS Letters. 476 (3): 118–23. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(00)01731-2. PMID 10913597.
• Ferri KF, Jacotot E, Blanco J, Esté JA, Kroemer G (2001). "Mitochondrial control of cell death induced by HIV-1-encoded proteins". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 926: 149–64. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb05609.x. PMID 11193032.
• Candé C, Cohen I, Daugas E, Ravagnan L, Larochette N, Zamzami N, Kroemer G (2002). "Apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF): a novel caspase-independent death effector released from mitochondria". Biochimie. 84 (2–3): 215–22. doi:10.1016/S0300-9084(02)01374-3. PMID 12022952.
• Castedo M, Perfettini JL, Andreau K, Roumier T, Piacentini M, Kroemer G (December 2003). "Mitochondrial apoptosis induced by the HIV-1 envelope". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1010: 19–28. doi:10.1196/annals.1299.004. PMID 15033690.
• Moon HS, Yang JS (February 2006). "Role of HIV Vpr as a regulator of apoptosis and an effector on bystander cells". Molecules and Cells. 21 (1): 7–20. PMID 16511342.
• Glass L (October 1975). "Classification of biological networks by their qualitative dynamics". Journal of Theoretical Biology. 54 (1): 85–107. doi:10.1016/S0022-5193(75)80056-7. PMID 1202295.
• Andersson B, Wentland MA, Ricafrente JY, Liu W, Gibbs RA (April 1996). "A "double adaptor" method for improved shotgun library construction". Analytical Biochemistry. 236 (1): 107–13. doi:10.1006/abio.1996.0138. PMID 8619474.
• Yu W, Andersson B, Worley KC, Muzny DM, Ding Y, Liu W, Ricafrente JY, Wentland MA, Lennon G, Gibbs RA (April 1997). "Large-scale concatenation cDNA sequencing". Genome Research. 7 (4): 353–8. doi:10.1101/gr.7.4.353. PMC 139146. PMID 9110174.
• Susin SA, Zamzami N, Castedo M, Daugas E, Wang HG, Geley S, Fassy F, Reed JC, Kroemer G (July 1997). "The central executioner of apoptosis: multiple connections between protease activation and mitochondria in Fas/APO-1/CD95- and ceramide-induced apoptosis". The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 186 (1): 25–37. doi:10.1084/jem.186.1.25. PMC 2198951. PMID 9206994.
• Susin SA, Lorenzo HK, Zamzami N, Marzo I, Brenner C, Larochette N, Prévost MC, Alzari PM, Kroemer G (January 1999). "Mitochondrial release of caspase-2 and -9 during the apoptotic process". The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 189 (2): 381–94. doi:10.1084/jem.189.2.381. PMC 2192979. PMID 9892620.
• Daugas E, Susin SA, Zamzami N, Ferri KF, Irinopoulou T, Larochette N, Prévost MC, Leber B, Andrews D, Penninger J, Kroemer G (April 2000). "Mitochondrio-nuclear translocation of AIF in apoptosis and necrosis". FASEB Journal. 14 (5): 729–39. doi:10.1096/fasebj.14.5.729. PMID 10744629.
• Joza N, Susin SA, Daugas E, Stanford WL, Cho SK, Li CY, Sasaki T, Elia AJ, Cheng HY, Ravagnan L, Ferri KF, Zamzami N, Wakeham A, Hakem R, Yoshida H, Kong YY, Mak TW, Zúñiga-Pflücker JC, Kroemer G, Penninger JM (March 2001). "Essential role of the mitochondrial apoptosis-inducing factor in programmed cell death". Nature. 410 (6828): 549–54. doi:10.1038/35069004. PMID 11279485.
• Ravagnan L, Gurbuxani S, Susin SA, Maisse C, Daugas E, Zamzami N, Mak T, Jäättelä M, Penninger JM, Garrido C, Kroemer G (September 2001). "Heat-shock protein 70 antagonizes apoptosis-inducing factor". Nature Cell Biology. 3 (9): 839–43. doi:10.1038/ncb0901-839. PMID 11533664.
• Ye H, Cande C, Stephanou NC, Jiang S, Gurbuxani S, Larochette N, Daugas E, Garrido C, Kroemer G, Wu H (September 2002). "DNA binding is required for the apoptogenic action of apoptosis inducing factor". Nature Structural Biology. 9 (9): 680–4. doi:10.1038/nsb836. PMID 12198487.
• Roumier T, Vieira HL, Castedo M, Ferri KF, Boya P, Andreau K, Druillennec S, Joza N, Penninger JM, Roques B, Kroemer G (November 2002). "The C-terminal moiety of HIV-1 Vpr induces cell death via a caspase-independent mitochondrial pathway". Cell Death and Differentiation. 9 (11): 1212–9. doi:10.1038/sj.cdd.4401089. PMID 12404120.

External links

• AIFM1 on the Atlas of Genetics and Oncology
• Human AIFM1 genome location and AIFM1 gene details page in the UCSC Genome Browser.