AAM-A-1 Firebird

The AAM-A-1 Firebird was an early American air-to-air missile, developed by the Ryan Aeronautical Company. The first air-to-air missile program developed for the United States Air Force, the Firebird was extensively tested in the late 1940s; although it proved successful in testing, it was soon obsolete due to the rapid advances in aircraft and missile technology at the time and did not enter production.

AAM-A-1 Firebird
Type	Air-to-air missile
Place of origin	United States
Service history
In service	1947-1949
Used by	United States Air Force
Production history
Designed	1946-1947
Manufacturer	Ryan Aeronautical Company
Specifications
Mass	260 pounds (120 kg)
Length	7 feet 6 inches (2.29 m)
length	Booster, 1 foot 10 inches (0.56 m)
Diameter	8 inches (200 mm)
Warhead	High explosive
Warhead weight	90 pounds (41 kg)
Engine	Liquid-fuel rocket, 620 lbf (2.8 kN) Booster, solid-fuel rocket, 2,800 lbf (12 kN)
Wingspan	2 ft 8 in (0.81 m)
Operational range	8 miles (13 km)
Maximum speed	Mach 0.85
Guidance system	Midcourse: Radio command Terminal: Active radar homing
Launch platform	DB-26 Invader DF-82 Twin Mustang

Design and development

The AAM-A-1 project began in 1946 with the awarding of a study contract, under the designation MX-799, to the Ryan Aeronautical Company for the development of a subsonic air-to-air missile, which would be used by interceptor aircraft for the destruction of enemy bombers.[1] A contract for the development of the missile, designated AAM-A-1 Firebird, was awarded in 1947.[1]

The AAM-A-1 Firebird was a two-stage weapon, fitted with cruciform wings and tailfins. Control was by differential motion of the wings; the tailfins were fixed.[1] The missile's fuselage was constructed from aluminum alloy, while the nosecone and control fins were molded from plastic.[2] Firebird was fitted with a solid-fuel booster rocket providing initial thrust, before a liquid-fuel sustainer[N 1] rocket ignited for a 15-second powered flight time.[1]

Guidance was provided during midcourse flight by radio command, with an operator in the launching aircraft transmitting corrections to the missile. Terminal guidance used active radar homing, with a small radar set fitted in the nose of the missile,[3][4][N 2] with the missile's warhead being detonated by a proximity fuse, a backup impact fuze also being fitted.[1]

Operational history

Flight testing of the XAAM-A-1 prototype missiles began in October 1947,[1] launched from DB-26 Invader bomber and DF-82 Twin Mustang aircraft,[1] the latter of which could carry up to four missiles.[3][5] The first air-to-air missile to reach the flight-test stage outside of World War II Nazi Germany,[6] the Firebird proved to be reasonably successful in testing, with production being projected for the early 1950s;[7] however its command-guidance system limited it to clear-weather, daytime use only.[1]

Although radar beam riding guidance was planned to solve this,[6] the subsonic speed of the weapon was also considered to be insufficient to avoid obsolescence; accordingly, the AAM-A-1's production program was terminated late in 1949,[1] the Hughes Falcon being selected for development as the Air Force's standard intercept missile instead.[8] The test program was considered to be successful, despite the rejection by the USAF, as a considerable amount of knowledge was gained that benefited later programs.[9]

A Firebird missile is preserved at the Air Force Space & Missile Museum at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida.[3]

See also

• Ruhrstahl X-4, the similar-appearance wire guided air-to-air missile design of Nazi Germany (1943–45)

References

Notes

1. Some sources state the sustainer was also solid-fueled.[3]
2. Some sources state the terminal guidance was semi-active radar homing.[1]

Citations

1. Parsch 2004
2. Popular Science, January 1950, p.144.
3. Space & Missile Museum 2011
4. Popular Science, March 1952, p.155.
5. Ross 1951, p.128.
6. Gunston 1979, p.222.
7. Bowman 1957, p.113.
8. Francillon 1990, p.24.
9. Cooke 1951, p.147.

Bibliography

• "Firebird". Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, FL: Air Force Space & Missile Museum. 2011. Retrieved 2011-02-09.
• "Fighter Fires New Missile". Popular Science. New York: Popular Science Publishing Co. 156 (1). Retrieved 2011-02-09.
• "Tiny Radar Steers Missile". Popular Science. New York: Popular Science Publishing Co. 160 (1). March 1952. Retrieved 2011-02-09.
• Bowman, Norman John (1958). The Handbook of Rockets and Guided Missiles. Chicago: Perastadion Press. ASIN B002C3SPN2.
• Cooke, David Coxe; Martin Caidin (1951). Jets, Rockets, and Guided Missiles. New York: McBride. ASIN B000MRHQEE.
• Francillon, René J. (1990). McDonnell Douglas Aircraft since 1920: Volume II. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-550-0.
• Gunston, Bill (1979). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of the World's Rockets & Missiles. London: Salamander Books. ISBN 978-0-86101-029-5.
• Parsch, Andreas (2004). "Ryan AAM-A-1 Firebird". Directory of U.S. Military Rockets and Missiles Appendix 1: Early Missiles and Drones. designation-systems.net. Retrieved 2011-02-08.
• Ross, Frank (1951). Guided Missiles: Rockets & Torpedoes. New York: Lothrop, Lee & Shepard. ASIN B001LGSGX0.

External links

• "Air-to-Air Missile for U.S. Planes, Popular Mechanics, February 1950