934 Thüringia

934 Thüringia (prov. designation: A920 PA or 1920 HK) is a dark background asteroid, approximately 54 kilometers (34 miles) in diameter, located in the central region of the asteroid belt. It was discovered on 15 August 1920, by astronomer Walter Baade at the Bergedorf Observatory in Hamburg, Germany.[1] The hydrated C-type asteroid has a rotation period of 8.2 hours and is likely irregular in shape. It was named after the German state of Thuringia. The naming was inspired by the ocean liner SS Thuringia.[3]

934 Thüringia
Modelled shape of Thüringia from its lightcurve
Discovery [1]
Discovered byW. Baade
Discovery siteBergedorf Obs.
Discovery date15 August 1920
Designations
(934) Thüringia
Pronunciation/θɜːˈrɪndʒiə/[2]
Named after
A920 PA · 1920 HK
1952 OP · 1974 HP3
Orbital characteristics [4]
Epoch 31 May 2020 (JD 2459000.5)
Uncertainty parameter 0
Observation arc98.68 yr (36,042 d)
Aphelion3.3473 AU
Perihelion2.1546 AU
2.7509 AU
Eccentricity0.2168
4.56 yr (1,667 d)
273.96°
0° 12m 57.6s / day
Inclination14.076°
325.40°
64.133°
Physical characteristics
Mean diameter
  • 53.35±5.2 km[7]
  • 53.714±0.361 km[8]
  • 58.00±0.70 km[9]
8.166±0.006 h[10][11]
(120.0°, −52.0°) (λ1/β1)[6][12]
  • 0.041±0.001[9]
  • 0.047±0.006[8]
  • 0.0471±0.011[7]
SMASS = Ch [4]
10.1[1][4]

    Orbit and classification

    Thüringia is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population when applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements.[5][6] It orbits the Sun in the central asteroid belt at a distance of 2.2–3.3 AU once every 4 years and 7 months (1,667 days; semi-major axis of 2.75 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.22 and an inclination of 14° with respect to the ecliptic.[4] The body's observation arc begins at the Vienna Observatory on 2 September 1920, or 18 nights after its official discovery observation at Hamburg Observatory.[1]

    Naming

    This minor planet was named after the German state of Thuringia (German: Thüringen). The naming was proposed by the captain of the ocean liner SS Thuringia, which was a ship in the fleet of the Hamburg America Line, on which the discoverer, Walter Baade, travelled twice on his visits to New York in the 1920s. As the captain of the SS Thuringia was an amateur astronomer, he was invited by Baade to name one of his discoveries. The naming was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 90).[3]

    Physical characteristics

    In the Bus–Binzel SMASS classification, Thüringia is a hydrated, carbonaceous C-type asteroid (Ch).[4]

    Rotation period and pole

    In October 1998, a rotational lightcurve of Thüringia was obtained from photometric observations by astronomers of the Minnesota State University Moorhead at Paul Feder Observatory. Analysis of the classically shaped bimodal lightcurve gave a well-defined rotation period of 8.166±0.006 hours with a high brightness variation of 0.66±0.03 magnitude, indicative of an irregular, non-spherical shape (U=3).[10][11] In October 2007, another period determination by Federico Manzini, Hiromi Hamanowa and Hiroko Hamanowa determined a period of 8.16446±0.00006 hours and an amplitude of 0.52±0.01 magnitude (U=3).[11][13] In 2011, a modeled lightcurve using data from the Uppsala Asteroid Photometric Catalogue (UAPC) and other sources gave a sidereal period 8.16534 hours, as well as a spin axis of (120.0°, −52.0°) in ecliptic coordinates (λ, β) (U=2).[12]

    Diameter and albedo

    According to the survey carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE), and the Japanese Akari satellite, Thüringia measures (53.35±5.2), (53.714±0.361) and (58.00±0.70) kilometers in diameter and its surface has a low albedo of (0.0471±0.011), (0.047±0.006) and (0.041±0.001), respectively.[7][8][9]

    The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0564 and a diameter of 53.45 km based on an absolute magnitude of 10.1.[11] Further published mean-diameters and albedos by the WISE team include (49.91±14.77 km), (50.24±13.36 km), (53.310±14.66 km), (53.333±18.03 km) and (62.572±1.232 km) with corresponding albedos of (0.06±0.04), (0.05±0.04), (0.0501±0.0465), (0.0528±0.0460), and (0.0342±0.0200).[6][11]

    gollark: Specifically, I replaced him with heavpoot's alt.
    gollark: I replaced LyricLy while distracting you all by distracting people trying to solve the heavpoot alt thing.
    gollark: ... yes. Obviously.
    gollark: Hmm, I have yet another complex ethical question: should I be using U*U*IDs, or U*L*IDs?
    gollark: Or like an illegal botnet, like mine.

    References
    1. "934 Thuringia (A920 PA)". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 17 February 2020.
    2. Noah Webster (1884) A Practical Dictionary of the English Language
    3. Schmadel, Lutz D. (2007). "(934) Thüringia". Dictionary of Minor Planet Names. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 83. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_935. ISBN 978-3-540-00238-3.
    4. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 934 Thuringia (A920 PA)" (2019-05-08 last obs.). Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved 17 February 2020.
    5. "Asteroid 934 Thuringia – Proper Elements". AstDyS-2, Asteroids – Dynamic Site. Retrieved 17 February 2020.
    6. "Asteroid 934 Thuringia". Small Bodies Data Ferret. Retrieved 17 February 2020.
    7. Tedesco, E. F.; Noah, P. V.; Noah, M.; Price, S. D. (October 2004). "IRAS Minor Planet Survey V6.0". NASA Planetary Data System. 12: IRAS-A-FPA-3-RDR-IMPS-V6.0. Bibcode:2004PDSS...12.....T. Retrieved 17 February 2020.
    8. Masiero, Joseph R.; Grav, T.; Mainzer, A. K.; Nugent, C. R.; Bauer, J. M.; Stevenson, R.; et al. (August 2014). "Main-belt Asteroids with WISE/NEOWISE: Near-infrared Albedos". The Astrophysical Journal. 791 (2): 11. arXiv:1406.6645. Bibcode:2014ApJ...791..121M. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/791/2/121.
    9. Usui, Fumihiko; Kuroda, Daisuke; Müller, Thomas G.; Hasegawa, Sunao; Ishiguro, Masateru; Ootsubo, Takafumi; et al. (October 2011). "Asteroid Catalog Using Akari: AKARI/IRC Mid-Infrared Asteroid Survey". Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan. 63 (5): 1117–1138. Bibcode:2011PASJ...63.1117U. doi:10.1093/pasj/63.5.1117. Retrieved 17 February 2020. (online, AcuA catalog p. 153)
    10. Worman, W. E.; Fieber, Sherry; Newman, Matthew G.; Kirby, Monica (December 2003). "CCD photometry of 934 Thuringia" (PDF). The Minor Planet Bulletin. 30 (4): 77–78. Bibcode:2003MPBu...30...77W.
    11. "LCDB Data for (934) Thüringia". Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB). Retrieved 17 February 2020.
    12. Hanuš, J.; Ďurech, J.; Brož, M.; Warner, B. D.; Pilcher, F.; Stephens, R.; et al. (June 2011). "A study of asteroid pole-latitude distribution based on an extended set of shape models derived by the lightcurve inversion method" (PDF). Astronomy & Astrophysics. 530: 16. arXiv:1104.4114. Bibcode:2011A&A...530A.134H. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201116738. ISSN 0004-6361. Retrieved 17 February 2020.
    13. Behrend, Raoul. "Asteroids and comets rotation curves – (934) Thüringia". Geneva Observatory. Retrieved 17 February 2020.
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