89th Attack Squadron

The 89th Attack Squadron is a United States Air Force unit assigned to the 432d Wing as a tenant unit at Ellsworth Air Force Base, South Dakota. It has been active as a remotely piloted aircraft (drone) squadron there since 2011.

Not to be confused with the 89th Tactical Missile Squadron (which was inactivated on 22 August 1990).
89th Attack Squadron
An MQ-9 Reaper taxis before a mission in Afghanistan
Active1917–19; 1940–45; 2011–present
CountryUnited States
BranchUnited States Air Force
RoleAttack
Size280 military and civilians[1]
Part ofAir Combat Command
Garrison/HQEllsworth Air Force Base, South Dakota
EngagementsEuropean Theater of World War II Mediterranean Theater of Operations
DecorationsDistinguished Unit Citation
French Croix de Guerre with Palm
Commanders
Notable
commanders		Joseph T. McNarney
Insignia
89th Reconnaissance Squadron emblem (approved 30 January 1941)[2]

The squadron was first activated as the 89th Aero Squadron at Kelly Field, Texas during World War I. It deployed to France in 1917, where it constructed fields and trained observers, In 1918 it briefly trained as an observation unit, but the unit did not move to the front before the Armistice.

It was consolidated in the mid 1930s with the 89th Observation Squadron as the 89th Reconnaissance Squadron but remained inactive until 1940, when it was attached to the 17th Bombardment Group at March Field, California and equipped with medium bombers. In 1942 members of the squadron participated in the Doolittle Raid against Tokyo. The squadron, now named the 432d Bombardment Squadron, moved to the Mediterranean Theater of Operations and participated in combat until 1945, earning two Distinguished Unit Citations and the French Croix de Guerre with Palm before returning to the United States in late 1945 and being inactivated.

The 432d was reactivated as the 432d Attack Squadron in October 2011 at Ellsworth Air Force Base, South Dakota as a MQ-9 Reaper remotely piloted aircraft squadron.

Mission

The 89th Attack Squadron mission is to remotely employ MQ-9 Reaper aircraft from ground control facilities located at Ellsworth Air Force Base to support combatant commander requirements around the world.[3] The squadron, which operates the aircraft, and the Reaper ground control station are based at Ellsworth. Its aircraft are deployed overseas, supporting continuing operations.[1]

History

World War I
Dorand AR.1 with the Air Service in France

The first predecessor of the squadron was activated at Kelly Field, Texas as the 89th Aero Squadron on 19 August 1917.[2] The men who formed the squadron had been inducted into the Army ten days earlier at Fort Logan, Colorado. After processing, they departed for Kelly and upon arrival, formed the 89th and 88th Aero Squadrons and were trained on assembling new aircraft. The squadron moved to the Aviation Concentration Center at Camp Mills, Garden City, New York in October to prepare for overseas movement.[4]

The 89th arrived at the 1st Air Depot, American Expeditionary Force at Colombey-les-Belles Airdrome, France on 16 November where it began work on constructing facilities for the depot.[5] In February 1918, the squadron moved to Châtillon-sur-Seine, where it began work on construction of a flying field for the 2d Corps Aeronautical School. However, the squadron was quartered on a large farm some distance from the flying field, so construction of the field and supporting facilities took a month to complete and training of observers did not begin until May.[6]

The squadron was assigned the first pilots to arrive at Chatillon and began training observers in artillery adjustment, photography, and gunnery.[5] A photographic detachment of squadron enlisted men developed the pictures taken by the students at the school.[6] These men formed the cadre for the 101st Photographic Section later in the year.[7]

The 89th prepared for combat as an observation unit in July 1918, but never went to front,[2][5] and in September all pilots assigned to the school were transferred to the headquarters of the Aeronautical School.[8] The squadron returned to the United States where it was demobilized in 1919.[2]

In 1936 the 89th was consolidated on the inactive list with the 89th Observation Squadron.[2]

World War II
Douglas B-18s as flown by the 89th Reconnaissance Squadron
Douglas B-23 Dragon, which replaced the B-18

The second predecessor of the 89th was constituted as the 89th Observation Squadron on the inactive list in 1935. In October 1936, the two squadrons were consolidated as the 89th Reconnaissance Squadron, but remained inactive until 1940.[2] The squadron was activated and assigned to General Headquarters Air Force at March Field, California, but attached to the 17th Bombardment Group. The squadron was reassigned to Northwest Air District in June 1940, with its primary mission being reconnaissance with a secondary mission of bombardment. It was initially equipped with Douglas B-18 Bolos, but soon converted to Douglas B-23 Dragons.[2]

In 1941, the squadron replaced its B-23s with North American B-25 Mitchells. After Japan attack on Pearl Harbor, the 89th flew antisubmarine patrols off the Oregon and Washington coastline.[9]

B-25 taking off for the Doolittle Raid

The 89th moved to Lexington County Airport, South Carolina in early 1942 to perform antisubmarine patrols over southeast Atlantic coast and the Gulf of Mexico.[9] There it became the fourth bombardment squadron of the 17th group as the 432d Bombardment Squadron.[2] Meanwhile, aircrews from the squadron trained with its B-25s at Hurlburt Field, Florida for the Doolittle Raid. Some aircrews from the squadron participated in the raid,[3] while the balance of the squadron transitioned into Martin B-26 Marauders, and completed training in Louisiana before being deployed to the Mediterranean Theater of Operations shortly following Operation Torch, the North Africa invasion.[9]

B-26 Marauders of the 432d Bombardment Squadron over Algeria

During December 1942 the squadron became part of XII Bomber Command. It engaged in combat operations over North Africa supporting American and later Allied ground forces in Tunisia. The unit flew interdiction and close air support, bombing bridges, rail lines, marshalling yards, harbors, shipping, gun emplacements, troop concentrations and other enemy targets, helping defeat Axis forces in North Africa.[9]

During 1943, the 432d participated in the reduction of Pantelleria. It supported Operation Husky, the Allied invasion of Sicily and Operation Avalanche, the invasion of Italy. During the drive toward Rome, the squadron was awarded a Distinguished Unit Citation for its attacks on airfields near Rome on 13 January 1944. It was also awarded the French Croix de Guerre with Palm for its operations in Italy between April and June.[9]

The unit provided tactical air support in the liberation of Sardinia and Corsica. From airfields in Corsica, the 432d supported Allied ground forces during Operation Dragoon, the invasion of southern France in August 1944. It moved to Southern France and bombed enemy targets during the Allied drive northward. It earned a second Distinguished Unit Citation for bombing attacks on enemy defenses near Schweinfurt, Germany just before the end of the war on 10 April 1945.[9]

The squadron remained in Europe after German capitulation. It became part of the occupation forces, and participated in the disarmament of Germany after V-E Day.[9] It was assigned to the American Occupation Zone in Austria.[2] The squadron returned to France to stage for its return to the United States, where it was inactivated in late November 1945.[9]

Remotely piloted aircraft operations

The squadron was activated in October 2011 at Ellsworth Air Force Base, South Dakota[10] as an MQ-9 Reaper squadron.[3] The squadron replaced Detachment 1, 28th Operations Group, which had been activated in April 2011 to act as the lead organization to prepare Ellsworth for the activation of the remotely piloted aircraft unit.[1] The squadron was reassigned from the 28th Bomb Wing to the 432d Wing in October 2015 when the 28th Wing was reassigned to Air Force Global Strike Command. The following June, the squadron returned to its original number and became the 89th Attack Squadron.[11]

Lineage

89th Aero Squadron

  • Organized as the 89th Aero Squadron on 19 August 1917
Demobilized on 19 May 1919
  • Reconstituted and consolidated on 24 October 1936[12] with the 89th Observation Squadron (Long Range, Light Bombardment as the 89th Reconnaissance Squadron[2]

89th Attack Squadron

  • Constituted as the 89th Observation Squadron (Long Range, Light Bombardment) on 1 March 1935
Consolidated with the 89th Aero Squadron and redesignated 89th Reconnaissance Squadron on 24 October 1936 (remained inactive)
Redesignated: 89th Reconnaissance Squadron (Medium Range) on 22 December 1939 (remained inactive)
  • Activated on 1 February 1940
Redesignated 89th Reconnaissance Squadron (Medium) on 20 November 1940
Redesignated 432d Bombardment Squadron (Medium) on 22 April 1942
Redesignated 432d Bombardment Squadron, Medium on 9 October 1944
  • Inactivated on 26 November 1945[2]
Redesignated 432d Expeditionary Bomb Squadron and converted to provisional status on 16 January 2002
Redesignated 432d Bomb Squadron and withdrawn from provisional status on 16 February 2007 (remained inactive)
Redesignated 432d Attack Squadron on 1 September 2011
  • Activated on 1 October 2011[10]
  • Redesignated 89th Attack Squadron on 21 June 2016[11]

Assignments
  • Unknown, 19 August 1917 – November 1917[13]
  • 1st Air Depot, c. 6 November 1917
  • 2d Corps Aeronautical School, c. 17 February 1918 – c. 12 January 1919
  • Unknown January – 19 May 1919
  • Air Force Combat Command, 1 February 1940 (attached to 17th Bombardment Group)
  • Northwest Air District (later 2d Air Force), June 1940 (remained attached to 17th Bombardment Group)
  • 17th Bombardment Group, 25 February 1942 – 26 November 1945[2]
  • 28th Operations Group: 1 October 2011 – 30 September 2015[10]
  • 432d Operations Group: 1 October 2015 – present[11]

Stations

Aircraft
  • Dorand AR and other types for training observers, 1918
  • Breguet 14 when preparing for combat, 1918
  • Douglas B-18 Bolo, 1940
  • Douglas B-23 Dragon, 1940–1941
  • North American B-25 Mitchell, 1941–1942
  • Martin B-26 Marauder, 1942–1945[2]
  • General Atomics MQ-9 Reaper, 2011–present

Awards and Campaigns
Award streamerAwardDatesNotes
Distinguished Unit Citation13 January 1944, Italy432d Bombardment Squadron[2]
Distinguished Unit Citation10 April 1945 Schweinfurt432d Bombardment Squadron[2]
French Croix de Guerre with PalmApril, May and June 1944432d Bombardment Squadron[2]
Campaign Streamer Campaign Dates Notes
Theater of Operations16 November 1917 – 191989th Aero Squadron[2]
Antisubmarine7 December 1941 – 22 June 194289th Reconnaissance Squadron
(Later 432d Bombardment Squadron)[2]
Tunisia22 December 1942 – 13 May 1943432d Bombardment Squadron[2]
Sicily14 May 1943 – 17 August 1943432d Bombardment Squadron[2]
Naples-Foggia18 August 1943 – 21 January 1944432d Bombardment Squadron[2]
Anzio22 January 1944 – 24 May 1944432d Bombardment Squadron[2]
Rome-Arno22 January 1944 – 9 September 1944432d Bombardment Squadron[2]
Southern France15 August 1944 – 14 September 1944432d Bombardment Squadron[2]
North Apennines10 September 1944 – 4 April 1945432d Bombardment Squadron[2]
Rhineland15 September 1944 – 21 March 1945432d Bombardment Squadron[2]
Central Europe22 March 1944 – 21 May 1945432d Bombardment Squadron[2]
Air Combat, EAME Theater7 December 1941 – 11 May 1945432d Bombardment Squadron[2]
World War II Army of Occupation9 May 1945 – 3 October 1945432d Bombardment Squadron[2]
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gollark: The somewhat-naive way would be a bit slow if you have a *lot* of them, but there are definitely algorithms for doing this quicker somehow.
gollark: I'm pretty sure that if you have a list of the DNA/RNA of all known viruses you can probably filter out close matches to them fairly easily.
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See also

References

Notes
  1. "Reaper Drone Detachment Activated at Ellsworth". Dakota Voice. April 2, 2011. Archived from the original on February 22, 2014. Retrieved February 7, 2014.
  2. Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1982) [1969]. Combat Squadrons of the Air Force, World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. pp. 533–534. ISBN 0-405-12194-6. LCCN 70605402. OCLC 72556.
  3. "28th Operations Group". Ellsworth Air Force Base. Retrieved February 7, 2014.
  4. Gorrell, Col. Edgar S. (1974). History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917–1919. Series E. Vol. 9 72d, 73d, 85th, and 88th–90th Aero Squadrons. Washington, DC: National Archives and Records Service, General Services Administration. OCLC 215070705.
  5. Wurzburg, Lt. Donald B., ed. (1919). The "Battle of Chatillon": A Graphic History of the Second Corps Aeronautical School, American Expeditionary Forces, France. Grand Rapids, MI: The Dean Hicks Co. p. 70.
  6. Wurzburg, p. 21
  7. Wurzburg, p. 27
  8. Wurzburg, p. 24
  9. Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1983) [1961]. Air Force Combat Units of World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. pp. 1–63. ISBN 0-912799-02-1. LCCN 61060979.
  10. Robertson, Patsy (September 22, 2008). "Factsheet 432 Attack Squadron (ACC)". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Archived from the original on September 28, 2015. Retrieved February 6, 2014.
  11. Nevins, A1C Denise (June 23, 2016). "432nd ATKS renamed the 89th ATKS, honors heritage". 28th Bomb Wing Public Affairs. Retrieved September 28, 2016.
  12. Clay, Steven E. (2011). US Army Order of Battle 1919–1941 (PDF). 3 The Services: Air Service, Engineers, and Special Troops 1919–1941. Fort Leavenworth, KS: Combat Studies Institute Press. ISBN 978-0-98419-014-0. LCCN 2010022326. OCLC 637712205. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-09-27. Retrieved October 16, 2012.
  13. Probably Post Headquarters, Kelly Field until October, then Aviation Concentration Center

Bibliography

 This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website http://www.afhra.af.mil/.

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