7400-series integrated circuits

The 7400 series of integrated circuits (ICs) were one of the most popular logic families of transistor–transistor logic (TTL) logic chips.[3] In 1964, Texas Instruments introduced the first members of their ceramic semiconductor package series, the SN5400s. A low-cost plastic package SN7400 series was introduced in 1966 which quickly gained over 50% of the logic chip market, and eventually becoming de facto standardized electronic components.[4][5] Over the decades, many generations of pin-compatible descendant families evolved to include support for low power CMOS technology, lower supply voltages, and surface mount packages.[6]

The 7400 chip, containing four NANDs. The SN prefix indicates this chip was manufactured by Texas Instruments[1] The N suffix is a vendor-specific code indicating PDIP packaging. The second line of numbers (7645) is a date code; this chip was manufactured in the 45th week of 1976.[2]
Surface-mount 74HC595 shift registers on a PCB. This 74HC variant of the 74595 uses CMOS signalling voltage levels while the 74HCT595 variant uses TTL signalling levels.

Overview
See also: Transistor–transistor logic § History

The 7400 series contains hundreds of devices that provide everything from basic logic gates, flip-flops, and counters, to special purpose bus transceivers and arithmetic logic units (ALU). Specific functions are described in a list of 7400 series integrated circuits. Some TTL logic parts were made with an extended military-specification temperature range. These parts are prefixed with 54 instead of 74 in the part number. A short-lived 64 prefix on Texas Instruments parts indicated an industrial temperature range; this prefix had been dropped from the TI literature by 1973. Since the 1970s, new product families have been released to replace the original 7400 series. More recent TTL logic families were manufactured using CMOS or BiCMOS technology rather than TTL.

Today, surface-mounted CMOS versions of the 7400 series are used in various applications in electronics and for glue logic in computers and industrial electronics. The original through-hole devices in dual in-line packages (DIP/DIL) were the mainstay of the industry for many decades. They are useful for rapid breadboard-prototyping and for education and remain available from most manufacturers. The fastest types and very low voltage versions are typically surface-mount only, however.

The first part number in the series, the 7400, is a 14-pin IC containing four two-input NAND gates. Each gate uses two input pins and one output pin, with the remaining two pins being power (+5 V) and ground. This part was made in various through-hole and surface-mount packages, including flat pack and plastic/ceramic dual in-line. Additional characters in a part number identify the package and other variations.

Unlike the older resistor-transistor logic integrated circuits, bipolar TTL gates were unsuitable to be used as analog devices, providing low gain, poor stability, and low input impedance.[7] Special-purpose TTL devices were used to provide interface functions such as Schmitt triggers or monostable multivibrator timing circuits. Inverting gates could be cascaded as a ring oscillator, useful for purposes where high stability was not required.

History
Texas Instruments SN5451 in the original flat package

Although the 7400 series was the first de facto industry standard TTL logic family (i.e. second-sourced by several semiconductor companies), there were earlier TTL logic families such as:

The 7400 quad NAND gate was the first product in the series, introduced by Texas Instruments in a military grade metal flat package (5400W) in October 1964. The pin assignment of this early series differed from the de facto standard set by the later series in DIP packages (in particular, ground was connected to pin 11 and the power supply to pin 4, compared to pins 7 and 14 for DIP packages).[5] The extremely popular commercial grade plastic DIP (7400N) followed in the third quarter of 1966.[18]

The 5400 and 7400 series were used in many popular minicomputers in the 1970s and early 1980s. Some models of the DEC PDP-series 'minis' used the 74181 ALU as the main computing element in the CPU. Other examples were the Data General Nova series and Hewlett-Packard 21MX, 1000, and 3000 series.

In 1965, typical quantity-one pricing for the SN5400 (military grade, in ceramic welded flat-pack) was around 22 USD.[19] As of 2007, individual commercial-grade chips in molded epoxy (plastic) packages can be purchased for approximately US$0.25 each, depending on the particular chip.

Families
Part of the 7400 series: cascadable 8-bit ALU Texas Instruments SN74AS888
Die of a 74HC595 8-bit shift register
Die of a 74AHC00D quad 2-input NAND gate manufactured by NXP Semiconductors

7400 series parts were constructed using bipolar transistors, forming what is referred to as transistor–transistor logic or TTL. Newer series, more or less compatible in function and logic level with the original parts, use CMOS technology or a combination of the two (BiCMOS). Originally the bipolar circuits provided higher speed but consumed more power than the competing 4000 series of CMOS devices. Bipolar devices are also limited to a fixed power supply voltage, typically 5 V, while CMOS parts often support a range of supply voltages.

Milspec-rated devices for use in extended temperature conditions are available as the 5400 series. Texas Instruments also manufactured radiation-hardened devices with the prefix RSN, and the company offered beam-lead bare dies for integration into hybrid circuits with a BL prefix designation. [20]

Regular-speed TTL parts were also available for a time in the 6400 series – these had an extended industrial temperature range of −40 °C to +85 °C. While companies such as Mullard listed 6400-series compatible parts in 1970 data sheets,[21] by 1973 there was no mention of the 6400 family in the Texas Instruments TTL Data Book. Some companies have also offered industrial extended temperature range variants using the regular 7400-series part numbers with a prefix or suffix to indicate the temperature grade.

As integrated circuits in the 7400 series were made in different technologies, usually compatibility was retained with the original TTL logic levels and power supply voltages. An integrated circuit made in CMOS is not a TTL chip, since it uses field-effect transistors (FETs) and not bipolar junction transistors, but similar part numbers are retained to identify similar logic functions and electrical (power and I/O voltage) compatibility in the different subfamilies. Over 40 different logic subfamilies use this standardized part number scheme.[6]

Bipolar
  • 74 – Standard TTL. The original logic family had no letters between the "74" and the part number. 10 ns gate delay, 10 mW dissipation, 4.75–5.25 V, released in 1966.[4]
  • 74L – Low-power. Larger resistors allowed 1 mW dissipation at the cost of a very slow 33 ns gate delay. Obsolete, replaced by 74LS or CMOS technology. Introduced 1971.[22]
  • 74H – High-speed. 6 ns gate delay but 22 mW power dissipation. Used in 1970s era supercomputers. Still produced but generally superseded by the 74S series. Introduced in 1971.
  • 74S – Schottky (high-speed). Implemented with Schottky diode clamps at the inputs to prevent charge storage, this provides faster operation than the 74 and 74H series, traded off for greater power consumption than the original 74 family and higher cost. 3 ns gate delay, 20 mW dissipation, released in 1971.
  • 74LS – Low-power Schottky. Implemented using the same technology as 74S but with reduced power consumption and switching speed, due to larger resistors. Typical 10 ns gate delay, remarkable (for the time) 2 mW dissipation, 4.75–5.25 V.
  • 74AS – Advanced Schottky, the next iteration of the 74S series with greater speed and fan-out despite lower power consumption. Implemented using 74S technology with the addition of "miller killer" circuitry to speed up low-to-high transitions. 1.7 ns gate delay, 8 mW, 4.5–5.5 V.
  • 74ALS – Advanced low-power Schottky. Same technology as 74AS but with the speed/power tradeoff of 74LS. 4 ns, 1.2 mW, 4.5–5.5 V.
  • 74F – Fast. Fairchild's version of TI's 74AS. 3.4 ns, 6 mW, 4.5–5.5 V. Introduced in 1978.

CMOS
  • 74C – CMOS 4–15 V operation similar to buffered 4000 (4000B) series. Input and output levels not compatible with TTL families: generally very close to 0 V and Vcc.
  • 74HC – High-speed CMOS, similar performance to 74LS, input/output levels not compatible with TTL, 12 ns. 2.0–6.0 V.
  • 74HCT – High speed CMOS TTL-compatible, 74HC technology with compatible logic levels to bipolar TTL parts.
  • 74AC – Advanced CMOS, performance generally between 74S and 74F.
  • 74ACT – Advanced CMOS TTL-compatible, performance generally between 74S and 74F. Compatible logic levels to bipolar TTL parts.
  • 74ACQ – Advanced CMOS with Quiet outputs.
  • 74AHC – Advanced High-speed CMOS, three times as fast as 74HC, tolerant of 5.5 V on input.
  • 74ALVC – Low-voltage CMOS – 1.8–3.3 V, < 3 ns at 3.3 V.
  • 74ALVT – Low-voltage TTL-compatible – 2.5–3.3 V, 5 V tolerant inputs, high current ≤ 64 mA, < 3 ns at 2.5 V.
  • 74AUC – Low-voltage – 0.8–2.5 V, < 2.5 ns at 1.8 V.
  • 74AUP – Low-voltage – 0.8–3.6 V (3.3 V typically), 15.6/8.2/4.3 ns at 1.2/1.8/3.3 V, partial power-down specified (IOFF), inputs protected.
  • 74AVC – Low-voltage – 1.2–3.3 V, < 3.2 ns at 1.8 V, bus hold, IOFF.[23]
  • 74AXC – Low-voltage – 0.65–3.6 V, < 3.2 ns at 1.8 V, bus hold, IOFF.[24]
  • 74FC – Fast CMOS, performance similar to 74F.
  • 74FCT – Fast CMOS TTL-compatible, 74FC technology with TTL-compatible logic levels.
  • 74LCX – CMOS with 3 V supply and 5 V tolerant inputs.
  • 74LV – Low-voltage CMOS – 2.0–5.5 V supply and 5 V tolerant inputs.
  • 74LVC – Low voltage – 1.65–3.3 V and 5 V tolerant inputs, < 5.5 ns at 3.3 V, < 9 ns at 2.5 V.
  • 74LV-A – 2.5–5 V, 5 V tolerant inputs, < 10 ns at 3.3 V, bus hold, IOFF, low noise.
  • 74LVT – Low-voltage – 3.3 V supply, 5 V tolerant inputs, high output current < 64 mA, < 3.5 ns at 3.3 V, IOFF, low noise.
  • 74LVQ – Low-voltage – 3.3 V.
  • 74LVX – Low-voltage – 3.3 V with 5 V tolerant inputs.
  • 74VHC – Very-high-speed CMOS – 74S performance in CMOS technology and power.
  • 74VHC(T) – Very high-speed CMOS TTL-compatible, over-voltage tolerant inputs.[25]

BiCMOS
  • 74BCT – BiCMOS, TTL-compatible input thresholds, used for buffers.
  • 74ABT – Advanced BiCMOS, TTL-compatible input thresholds, faster than 74ACT and 74BCT.

Many parts in the CMOS HC, AC, and FC families are also offered in "T" versions (HCT, ACT, and FCT) which have input thresholds that are compatible with both TTL and 3.3 V CMOS signals. The non-T parts have conventional CMOS input thresholds, which are more restrictive than TTL thresholds. Typically, CMOS input thresholds require high-level signals to be at least 70% of Vcc and low-level signals to be at most 30% of Vcc. (TTL has the input high level above 2.0 V and the input low level below 0.8 V, so a TTL high-level signal is in the forbidden middle range for 5 V CMOS.)

The 74H family is the same basic design as the 7400 family with resistor values reduced. This reduced the typical propagation delay from 9 ns to 6 ns but increased the power consumption. The 74H family provided a number of unique devices for CPU designs in the 1970s. Many designers of military and aerospace equipment used this family over a long period and as they need exact replacements, this family is still produced by Lansdale Semiconductor.[26]

The 74S family, using Schottky circuitry, uses more power than the 74, but is faster. The 74LS family of ICs is a lower-power version of the 74S family, with slightly higher speed but lower power dissipation than the original 74 family; it became the most popular variant once it was widely available. Many 74LS ICs can be found in microcomputers and digital consumer electronics manufactured in the 1980s and early 1990s.

The 74F family was introduced by Fairchild Semiconductor and adopted by other manufacturers; it is faster than the 74, 74LS and 74S families.

Through the late 1980s and 1990s newer versions of this family were introduced to support the lower operating voltages used in newer CPU devices.

Characteristics of selected 7400 series families[27]
Parameter 74C 74HC 74AC 74HCT 74ACT Units
(VDD = 5 V)
VIH (min) 3.5 2.0 V
VOH (min) 4.5 4.9 V
VIL (max) 1.5 1.0 1.5 0.8 V
VOL (max) 0.5 0.1 V
IIH (max) 1 μA
IIL (max) 1 μA
IOH (max) 0.4 4.0 24 4.0 24 mA
IOL (max) 0.4 4.0 24 4.0 24 mA
TP (max) 50 8 4.7 8 4.7 ns

Part numbering
A 4-bit, 2 register, six-instruction computer made entirely of 74-series chips
See also: List of 7400-series integrated circuits

Part number schemes varied by manufacturer. The part numbers for 7400-series logic devices often use the following designators:

  • Often first, a two or three letter prefix, denoting the manufacturer and flow class of the device (e.g. SN for Texas Instruments using a commercial processing, SNV for Texas Instruments using military processing, M for ST Microelectronics, DM for National Semiconductor, UT for Cobham PLC, SG for Sylvania). These codes are no longer closely associated with a single manufacturer, for example, Fairchild Semiconductor manufactures parts with MM and DM prefixes, and no prefixes.
  • Two digits, where "74" denotes a commercial temperature range device and "54" denotes a military temperature range. Historically, "64" denoted a short-lived series with an intermediate "industrial" temperature range.
  • No, or up to four letters denoting the logic subfamily (such as "LS", "HCT" or nothing for basic bipolar TTL).
  • Two or more arbitrarily assigned digits that identify the function of the device. There are hundreds of different devices in each family.
  • Additional suffix letters and numbers may be appended to denote the package type, quality grade, or other information, but this varies widely by manufacturer.

For example, "SN5400N" signifies that the part is a 7400-series IC probably manufactured by Texas Instruments ("SN" originally meaning "Semiconductor Network"[28]) using commercial processing, is of the military temperature rating ("54"), and is of the TTL family (absence of a family designator), its function being the quad 2-input NAND gate ("00") implemented in a plastic through-hole DIP package ("N").

Many logic families maintain a consistent use of the device numbers as an aid to designers. Often a part from a different 74x00 subfamily could be substituted ("drop-in replacement") in a circuit, with the same function and pin-out yet more appropriate characteristics for an application (perhaps speed or power consumption), which was a large part of the appeal of the 74C00 series over the competing CD4000B series, for example. But there are a few exceptions where incompatibilities (mainly in pin-out) across the subfamilies occurred, such as:

  • some flat-pack devices (e.g. 7400W) and surface-mount devices,
  • some of the faster CMOS series (for example 74AC),
  • a few low-power TTL devices (e.g. 74L86, 74L9 and 74L95) have a different pin-out than the regular (or even 74LS) series part.[29]
  • five versions of the 74x54 (4-wide AND-OR-INVERT gates IC), namely 7454(N), 7454W, 74H54, 74L54W and 74L54N/74LS54, are different from each other in pin-out and/or function,[30]

Second sources from Europe and Eastern Bloc
Soviet K131LA3, equivalent to 74H00
Czechoslovak MH74S00, Texas Instruments SN74S251N, East German DL004D (74LS04), Soviet K155LA13 (7438)
Polish UCY7473

Some manufacturers, such as Mullard and Siemens, had pin-compatible TTL parts, but with a completely different numbering scheme; however, data sheets identified the 7400-compatible number as an aid to recognition.

At the time the 7400 series was being made, some European manufacturers (that traditionally followed the Pro Electron naming convention), such as Philips/Mullard, produced a series of TTL integrated circuits with part names beginning FJ. Some examples of FJ series are:

  • FJH101 (=7430) single 8-input NAND gate,
  • FJH131 (=7400) quadruple 2-input NAND gate,
  • FJH181 (=7454N or J) 2+2+2+2 input AND-OR-NOT gate.

The Soviet Union started manufacturing TTL ICs with 7400-series pinout in the late 1960s and early 1970s, such as the K155ЛA3, which was pin-compatible with the 7400 part available in the United States, except for using a metric spacing of 2.5 mm between pins instead of the 0.1 inches (2.54 mm) pin-to-pin spacing used in the west.[31] Another peculiarity of the Soviet-made 7400 series was the packaging material used in the 1970s–1980s. Instead of the ubiquitous black resin, they had a brownish-green body colour with subtle swirl marks created during the moulding process. It was jokingly referred to in the Eastern Bloc electronics industry as the "elephant-dung packaging", due to its appearance.

The Soviet integrated circuit designation is different from the Western series:

  • the technology modifications were considered different series and were identified by different numbered prefixes – К155 series is equivalent to plain 74, К555 series is 74LS, etc.;
  • the function of the unit is described with a two-letter code followed by a number:
    • the first letter represents the functional group – logical, triggers, counters, multiplexers, etc.;
    • the second letter shows the functional subgroup, making the distinction between logical NAND and NOR, D- and JK-triggers, decimal and binary counters, etc.;
    • the number distinguishes variants with different number of inputs or different number of elements within a die – ЛА1/ЛА2/ЛА3 (LA1/LA2/LA3) are 2 four-input / 1 eight-input / 4 two-input NAND elements respectively (equivalent to 7420/7430/7400).

Before July 1974 the two letters from the functional description were inserted after the first digit of the series. Examples: К1ЛБ551 and К155ЛА1 (7420), К1ТМ552 and К155ТМ2 (7474) are the same ICs made at different times.

Clones of the 7400 series were also made in other Eastern Bloc countries:[32]

  • Bulgaria (Mikroelektronika Botevgrad) used a designation somewhat similar to that of the Soviet Union, e.g. 1ЛБ00ШМ (1LB00ShM) for a 74LS00. Some of the two-letter functional groups were borrowed from the Soviet designation, while others differed. Unlike the Soviet scheme, the two or three digit number after the functional group matched the western counterpart. The series followed at the end (i.e. ШМ for LS). Only the LS series is known to have been manufactured in Bulgaria.[33][34](pp8–11)
  • Czechoslovakia (TESLA) used the 7400 numbering scheme with manufacturer prefix MH. Example: MH7400. Tesla also produced industrial grade (8400, −25 ° to 85 °C) and military grade (5400, −55 ° to 125 °C) ones.
  • Poland (Unitra CEMI) used the 7400 numbering scheme with manufacturer prefixes UCA for the 5400 and 6400 series, as well as UCY for the 7400 series. Examples: UCA6400, UCY7400. Note that ICs with the prefix MCY74 correspond to the 4000 series (e.g. MCY74002 corresponds to 4002 and not to 7402).
  • Hungary (Tungsram, later Mikroelektronikai Vállalat / MEV) also used the 7400 numbering scheme, but with manufacturer suffix – 7400 is marked as 7400APC.
  • Romania (I.P.R.S.) used a trimmed 7400 numbering with the manufacturer prefix CDB (example: CDB4123E corresponds to 74123) for the 74 and 74H series, where the suffix H indicated the 74H series.[35] For the later 74LS series, the standard numbering was used.[36]
  • East Germany (HFO) also used trimmed 7400 numbering without manufacturer prefix or suffix. The prefix D (or E) designates digital IC, and not the manufacturer. Example: D174 is 7474. 74LS clones were designated by the prefix DL; e.g. DL000 = 74LS00. In later years East German made clones were also available with standard 74* numbers, usually for export.[37]

A number of different technologies were available from the Soviet Union,[31][38] [39] [40] [32] Czechoslovakia,[41] [34] Poland,[32][34] and East Germany.[37] The 8400 series in the table below indicates an industrial temperature range from −25 °C to +85 °C (as opposed to −40 °C to +85 °C for the 6400 series).

Prefixes of Eastern European series
Soviet Union Czechoslovakia Poland East Germany
5400 7400 5400 7400 8400 5400 6400 7400 6400 7400 8400
74 133 К155 MH54 MH74 MH84 UCA54 UCA64 UCY74 D1 E1
74L 134,[lower-alpha 1] 136 КР134, К158
74H 130 К131 UCA64H UCY74H D2 E2
74S 530 КР531 MH54S MH74S MH84S UCY74S DS
74LS 533 К555 UCY74LS DL...D DL...DG
74AS 1530 КР1530
74ALS 1533 КР1533 MH54ALS MH74ALS
74F 1531 КР1531
74HC 1564 КР1564
74HCT 5564 U74HCT...DK
74AC 1554 КР1554
74ACT 1594 КР1594
74LVC 5574
74VHC 5584
  1. The pin assignment of the 134 series mostly follows Texas Instruments' original flat-pack series, i.e. ground on pin 11 and power on pin 4.

Around 1990 the production of standard logic ceased in all Eastern European countries except the Soviet Union and later Russia and Belarus. As of 2016, the series 133, К155, 1533, КР1533, 1554, 1594, and 5584 were in production at "Integral" in Belarus,[42] as well as the series 130 and 530 at "NZPP-KBR",[43] 134 and 5574 at "VZPP",[44] 533 at "Svetlana",[45] 1564, К1564, КР1564 at "NZPP",[46] 1564, К1564 at "Voshod",[47] and 1564 at "Exiton" in Russia.[48] The Russian company Angstrem manufactures 54HC circuits as the 5514БЦ1 series, 54AC as the 5514БЦ2 series, and 54LVC as the 5524БЦ2 series.[49]

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See also

References
  1. R. M. Marston. Digital Logic IC. p. 21. Retrieved October 14, 2017.
  2. Wylie, Andrew (2013). "The first monolithic integrated circuits". Archived from the original on May 4, 2018. Retrieved 2019-01-19.
  3. Don Lancaster, "TTL Cookbook", Howard W. Sams and Co., Indianapolis, 1975, ISBN 0-672-21035-5, preface
  4. "1963: Standard Logic IC Families Introduced". Computer History Museum. Archived from the original on July 23, 2019.
  5. 1967-68 Integrated Circuits Catalog. Texas Instruments. Retrieved July 23, 2019.
  6. "Logic Reference Guide: Bipolar, BiCMOS, and CMOS Logic Technology" (PDF). Texas Instruments. 2004. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 23, 2019.
  7. Don Lancaster, TTL Cookbook, Howard W. Sams 1974, page 169
  8. "The Rise of TTL: How Fairchild Won a Battle But Lost the War | Computer History Museum". www.computerhistory.org. See section: "The Rise of TTL". Retrieved 2018-06-17.
  9. SM2927 Sylvania Universal High Level Logic May66. 1966.
  10. "Digital ICs: Standard Logic". Electronic Design. 2002-01-07. Retrieved 2018-06-17.
  11. TTL Integrated Circuits Data Book (PDF). Motoroloa Semiconductor Products Inc. 1971.
  12. Lancaster, Don (1974). TTL Cookbook. H. W. Sams. p. 8. ISBN 9780672210358.
  13. Lancaster, Don (1974). TTL Cookbook. Sams / Prentice Hall Computer Publishing. pp. 9. ISBN 0-672-21035-5.
  14. "DM8000 series TTL – andys-arcade". www.andysarcade.net. Retrieved 2018-06-17.
  15. "1963: Standard Logic IC Families Introduced | The Silicon Engine | Computer History Museum". www.computerhistory.org. Retrieved 2018-06-17.
  16. "The Rise of TTL: How Fairchild Won a Battle But Lost the War | Computer History Museum". www.computerhistory.org. See section: "Fairchild responds with TTL MSI". Retrieved 2018-06-17.
  17. Signetics Digital 8000 Series TTL/MSI and Memories Data Book. Signetics Corporation. 1972.
  18. http://smithsonianchips.si.edu/texas/ic.htm
  19. Allied Industrial Electronics Catalog #660. Chicago, Illinois: Allied Electronics. 1966. p. 35.
  20. The Engineering Staff, Texas Instruments (1973). The TTL Data Book for Design Engineers (1st ed.). Dallas, Texas.
  21. Mullard FJH 101 Data Sheet, from the Mullard FJ Family TTL Integrated Circuits 1970 databook, retrieved from http://www.datasheetarchive.com/preview/437512.html Archived 2016-05-15 at the Portuguese Web Archive may 16, 2008
  22. "History of Innovation - Semiconductor". Archived from the original on 2014-07-03. Retrieved 2013-08-27.
  23. "SN74AVC1T45 Single-Bit Dual-Supply Bus Transceiver with Configurable Voltage-Level Shifting and 3-State Outputs | TI.com". www.ti.com. Retrieved 2018-07-16.
  24. "SN74AXC1T45 Single-Bit Dual-Supply Bus Transceiver | TI.com". www.ti.com. Retrieved 2018-07-16.
  25. "Very High-speed CMOS VHC(T) | nexperia.com". www.nexperia.com. Retrieved 2020-06-28.
  26. Lansdale Semiconductor home page
  27. Maini, Anil (2007). Digital Electronics: Principles, Devices and Applications. John Wiley & Sons. p. 168. ISBN 978-0-470-03214-5.
  28. Morris, Robert L.; Miller, John R. (1971). Designing with TTL Integrated Circuits. p. 15.
  29. The Engineering Staff, Texas Instruments (1973). The TTL Data Book for Design Engineers (1st ed.). Dallas, Texas.
  30. The Engineering Staff, National Semiconductor Corporation (1976). National Semiconductor TTL DATA BOOK. Santa Clara California. pp. 1–14.
  31. "Relation between names of foreign and Russian logic chips" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 28 February 2007. Retrieved 26 March 2007.
  32. Hillebrand, Gerd (30 June 1980). Importbauelemente Integrierte Schaltungen [Imported integrated circuits] (PDF). Information Applikation Mikroelektronik (in German). 6. Kammer der Technik, Vorstand des Bezirksverbandes Frankfurt (Oder). Retrieved 2 November 2016.
  33. Техническа информация 1985 [Technical information 1985] (in Bulgarian). NPSK Botevgrad. Retrieved 2017-11-11.
  34. Hillebrand, Gerd (12 September 1988). RGW-Typenübersicht + Vergleich — Teil 2: RGW [Comecon type overview + comparison — Part 2: Comecon] (PDF). Information Applikation Mikroelektronik (in German). 50. Kammer der Technik, Vorstand des Bezirksverbandes Frankfurt (Oder). Retrieved 11 November 2017.
  35. Digital Integrated Circuits (PDF). Bucarest: I.P.R.S. Băneasa. 1976. Retrieved 2019-01-18.
  36. Full Line Condensed Catalog 1990 (PDF). Bucarest: I.P.R.S. Băneasa. 1990. Retrieved 2019-01-19.
  37. GDR semiconductor datasheet comparison (in German).
  38. Ниссельсон, Л. И. (1989). Цифровые и аналоговые интегральные микросхемы (in Russian). Радио и связь. ISBN 5256002597.
  39. "Активные элементы" (in Russian). Музей электронных раритетов. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
  40. Козак, Виктор Романович (24 May 2014). "Номенклатура и аналоги отечественных микросхем" (in Russian). Retrieved 24 March 2016.
  41. "Integrované obvody" (in Czech). Retrieved 17 March 2016.
  42. "Интегральные микросхемы" [Integrated circuits] (in Russian). Minsk: OAO "Integral". Retrieved 24 May 2016.
  43. "Продукция" [Products] (in Russian). Nalchik: OAO "NZPP-KBR" (former "Elkor"). Retrieved 5 June 2016.
  44. "Каталог изделий" [Product catalog] (PDF) (in Russian). Voronezh: OAO "VZPP-S". Retrieved 30 May 2016.
  45. "Каталог продукции" [Product catalog] (in Russian). Saint Petersburg: ZAO Svetlana Semiconductors. Retrieved 30 May 2016.
  46. "ПРОДУКЦИЯ" [Products] (in Russian). Novosibirsk: AO NZPP. Retrieved 31 May 2016.
  47. "Микросхемы" [Integrated circuits] (in Russian). Kaluga: AO "Voshod". Retrieved 8 June 2016.
  48. "Интегральные микросхемы" [Integrated circuits] (in Russian). Moscow: OAO "Exiton". Retrieved 15 February 2019.
  49. "Стандартная логика" [Standard logic] (PDF) (in Russian). Angstrem. 2019. Retrieved 5 May 2020.

Further reading
Books
  • 50 Circuits Using 7400 Series IC's; 1st Ed; R.N. Soar; Bernard Babani Publishing; 76 pages; 1979; ISBN 0900162775. (archive)
  • TTL Cookbook; 1st Ed; Don Lancaster; Sams Publishing; 412 pages; 1974; ISBN 978-0672210358. (archive)
  • Designing with TTL Integrated Circuits; 1st Ed; Robert Morris, John Miller; Texas Instruments and McGraw-Hill; 322 pages; 1971; ISBN 978-0070637450. (archive)
App Notes
Fairchild Semiconductor / ON Semiconductor
Nexperia / NXP Semiconductor
Texas Instruments / National Semiconductor
Toshiba
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