38 cm SK C/34 naval gun

The 38 cm SK C/34[Note 1] naval gun was developed by Germany mid to late 1930s. It armed the Bismarck-class battleships and was planned as the armament of the O-class battlecruisers and the re-armed Scharnhorst-class battleships. Six twin-gun mountings were also sold to the Soviet Union and it was planned to use them on the Kronshtadt-class battlecruisers, however they were never delivered. Spare guns were used as coastal artillery in Denmark, Norway and France. One gun is currently on display at Møvig Fortress outside Kristiansand.

38 cm SK C/34 naval gun
38 cm turret of Batterie Vara, Kristiansand, Norway
Type	Naval gun, Railroad gun and Coastal defense
Place of origin	Germany
Service history
In service	1940–45
Used by	Nazi Germany
Wars	World War II
Production history
Designer	Krupp
Designed	1936–39
Manufacturer	Krupp
Specifications
Mass	111 tonnes (109 long tons; 122 short tons)
Length	19.63 m (64 ft 5 in)
Barrel length	18.405 m (60 ft 4.6 in) L/52
Shell	separate-loading, cased charge
Caliber	380 millimetres (15 in)
Breech	horizontal sliding-block
Recoil	Hydro-pneumatic
Elevation	-5.5° to +30°
Traverse	up to 360°
Rate of fire	2.5 rpm
Muzzle velocity	820 m/s (2,700 ft/s)
Effective firing range	36.5 km (22.7 mi) with 800 kg (1,800 lb) shell at 30° elev.

Ammunition

It used the standard German naval system of ammunition where the base charge was held in a metallic cartridge case and supplemented by another charge in a silk bag. Both cartridges were rammed together.

Propellant charge[1]

Main charge: 38 cm HuelsKart34 – GefLdG – 108 kg (238 lb) RPC 38 (16/7)

Fore charge: 38 cm VorKart34 – GefLdG – 104 kg (229 lb) RPC 38 (16/7)

Shell

38 cm shell from Tirpitz found in the Ullsfjorden in Norway.

Four types of shells were used by the 38 cm SK C/34 although the Siegfried-Granate could only be used by the coast defense versions. Almost 40 percent lighter, this latter shell could be fired with a reduced charge at 920 metres per second (3,000 ft/s) out to 40 kilometres (44,000 yd). With a full charge it reached 1,050 metres per second (3,400 ft/s) and could travel 55.7 kilometres (60,900 yd) – over 34 miles.[2]

Shell name type	Weight	Filling weight	Muzzle velocity	Range
38 cm Spreng grenate. L/4.6 m Kz (m.Hb) nose-fused HE shell with ballistic cap	800 kg (1,800 lb)	Unknown	820 m/s (2,700 ft/s)	35.6 km (22.1 mi) at 30°
38 cm Spgr L4.5 Bdz (m.Hb) base-fused HE shell with ballistic cap	800 kg (1,800 lb)	Unknown	820 m/s (2,700 ft/s)	35.6 km (22.1 mi) at 30°
Psgr L/4.4 Bdz (m.Hb) base-fused AP shell with a ballistic cap	800 kg (1,800 lb)	Unknown	820 m/s (2,700 ft/s)	35.6 km (22.1 mi) at 30°
nose- and base-fused HE]] shell with ballistic cap (Si.Gr L/4.5 Bdz u. Kz (m.Hb)) (light load)	495 kg (1,091 lb)	69 kg (152 lb) TNT	920 m/s (3,000 ft/s)	40.0 km (24.9 mi)
nose- and base-fused HE shell with ballistic cap (Si.Gr L/4.5 Bdz u. Kz (m.Hb)) (full load)	495 kg (1,091 lb)	69 kg (152 lb) TNT	1,050 m/s (3,400 ft/s)	55.7 km (34.6 mi)

Naval gun

The data given is according to Krupp datasheet 38 cm S.K.C/34 e WA52-453(e). This gun was mounted in pairs in the Drh.L. C/34e turret which allowed elevation from -5° 30' to +30°.[3] Each gun had an individual cradle, spaced 3.5 metres (11 ft) apart, but they were normally coupled together. In general the turret was hydraulically powered, but the training gear, auxiliary elevation, auxiliary hoists and some loading gear was electrically powered. The turrets weighed 1,048 tonnes (1,031 long tons; 1,155 short tons) to 1,056 tonnes (1,039 long tons; 1,164 short tons),[4] rested on ball bearings on a 8.75 metres (28.7 ft) diameter track, could elevate 6° per second and traverse 5.4° per second. The guns were loaded at +2.5° and used a telescoping chain-operated rammer. According to German manuals [3] the required permanent capacity for the loading equipment for ammunition was 2.5 shells per minute. During testing period at the Baltic Sea the AVKS Report states an output of the ammunition delivery system up to 3.125 shells per minute.[5] Under battle conditions Bismarck averaged roughly one round per minute in her battle with HMS Hood and Prince of Wales.[6]

Turret armor

location	thickness	location	thickness
face	36 cm (14 in)	front and rear sloping roof	18 cm (7.1 in)
sides	22 cm (8.7 in)	side sloping roof	15 cm (5.9 in)
rear	32 cm (13 in)	flat roof	13 cm (5.1 in)

Numbers

Sixteen guns were used for the Bismarck and Tirpitz and six were ordered for the Gneisenau when it was to be re-armed in 1942. Six were intended for each of the O-class battlecruisers, but it is uncertain how many of these last were actually delivered. Six mountings with twelve guns were sold to the Soviet Union who planned to use them on two Kronshtadt-class battlecruisers, but these were never delivered. Surplus guns were used as coast defense guns.

Anti-aircraft

During repairs after Operation Tungsten, the 38 cm SK C/34 naval guns of the Bismarck-class battleship Tirpitz were modified to allow their use against aircraft, being supplied with specially-fuzed 38 cm shells for barrage anti aircraft fire,[7] in a manner similar to the Japanese San Shiki "Beehive" shells fired by the Yamato-class and other battleships. Tirpitz fired her main battery against Royal Navy Fleet Air Arm aircraft in Operations Planet, Brawn, Tiger Claw, Mascot and Goodwood. In Operations Paravane, Obviate, and Catechism, Tirpitz's 38 cm fragmentation shells proved ineffective in countering the Royal Air Force's high-level bombers.

Coast defense gun

Model of the 38 cm SK C/34 emplacement at Hanstholm

These guns were modified with a larger chamber for coast defense duties to handle the increased amount of propellant used for the special long-range Siegfried shells.[8][9] Gander and Chamberlain quote a weight of 105.3 tonnes (103.6 long tons; 116.1 short tons) for these guns, presumably accounting for the extra volume of the enlarged chamber.[10] An armored single mount, the Bettungsschiessgerüst ("Firing platform") C/39 was used by these guns. It had a maximum elevation of 60° and could traverse up to 360°, depending on the emplacement. The C/39 mount had two compartments; the upper housed the guns and their loading equipment, while the lower contained the ammunition hoists, their motors, and the elevation and traverse motors. The mount was fully powered and had an underground magazine.[11] Normally these were placed in open concrete barbettes, relying on their armor, but Hitler thought that there was not enough protection for the guns of Battery Todt emplaced on Cap-Gris-Nez in the Pas de Calais near Wimereux and ordered a concrete casemate 3.5 m (11 ft) thick built over and around the mounts. This had the unfortunate effect of limiting their traverse to 120°.[12] Other C/39 mounts were installed at the Hanstholm fortress in Denmark, and the Vara fortress in Kristiansand, Norway.

Four Drh LC/34 turrets, three of which were originally intended to re-arm the Gneisenau and one completed to the Soviet order, modified for land service, were planned to be emplaced at Paimpol, Brittany and on the Cap de la Hague on the Cotentin Peninsula, but construction never actually began.[13] Construction for two of those turrets was well underway at Blaavand-Oksby, Denmark when the war ended.[14][15]

Railroad gun

Main article: 38 cm Siegfried K (E)

Some guns also saw service as 38 cm Siegfried K (E) railroad guns, one of these being captured by American forces during the Rhône Valley campaign in 1944.[16]

See also

• List of naval guns

Weapons of comparable role, performance and era

• 380 mm/45 Modèle 1935 gun : French equivalent
• 381mm / 50 Model 1934 naval gun : Italian equivalent
• BL 15-inch Mk I naval gun

Notes

1. SK – Schnelladekanone (quick loading cannon); C – Construktionsjahr (year of design)

Citations

1. M.Dv.Nr.185 p. 6
2. Hogg 1997, pp. 242–43.
3. Bauvorschrift fuer den Schiffskoerper p. 64 SI 48
4. Bauvorschrift fuer den Schiffskoerper p. 52 SI 33
5. AVKS-700 Schlußbericht p. 19 Hauptaufzuege
6. Campbell 2002, pp. 229–30.
7. Garzke & Dulin 1985, p. 267.
8. http://www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WNGER_15-52_skc34.htm Chamber volume increased from 19,467 in3 (319 dm3) to 22,072 in3 (361.7 dm3), rifling length reduced from 629.2 in. (15.982 m) to 620 in (15.748 m)
9. Campbell 2002, p. 229.
10. Gander & Chamberlain 1979, p. 272.
11. Hogg 1997, p. 242.
12. Gander & Chamberlain 1979, p. 256.
13. Gander & Chamberlain 1979, p. 259.
14. "38 cm/52 (14.96") SK C/34". NavWeaps. Tony DiGiulian. 2 April 2009. Archived from the original on 17 April 2009. Retrieved 27 April 2009.
15. Rolf, Rudi (1998). Der Atlantikwall: Bauten der deutschen Küstenbefestigungen 1940–1945. Osnabrück: Biblio. p. 315. ISBN 3-7648-2469-7.
16. François 2006, p. 75.

References

Service manuals and publications

• Krupp datasheet 38 cm S.K.C/34 WA52-444
• Krupp datasheet 38 cm S.K.C/34 e WA52-453(e)
• Bauvorschrift fuer den Schiffskoerper der Schlachtschiffe "F" und "G" ("Ersatz Hannover" und "Ersatz Schleswig-Holstein") O.K.M Archiv K I Nr. 20 Berlin, den 16.November 1936
• M.Dv.Nr.185, Heft 2, Abmessungen, Gewichte, Raumbedarf der Munition und ihrer Packgefäße
• Unterlagen und Richtlinien zur Bestimmung der Hauptkampfentfernung und der Geschoßwahl Heft a Textband
• Unterlagen und Richtlinien zur Bestimmung der Hauptkampfentfernung und der Geschoßwahl Heft h Eigene Durchschlagsangaben für Schlachtschiffe Bismarck, Tirpitz und Beispiele (G.Kdos 100)
• AVKS-700 Schlußbericht vom 31.05.1941, AVKS Erprobungen auf Schlachtschiff Bismarck

Literature

• Campbell, John (2002). Naval Weapons of World War Two. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-87021-459-4.
• François, Guy (2006). Eisenbahnartillerie: Histoire de l'artillerie lourd sur voie ferrée allemande des origines à 1945. Paris: Éditions Histoire et Fortifications.
• Gander, Terry; Chamberlain, Peter (1979). Weapons of the Third Reich: An Encyclopedic Survey of All Small Arms, Artillery and Special Weapons of the German Land Forces 1939–1945. New York: Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-15090-3.
• Garzke, William H. & Dulin, Robert O. (1985). Battleships: Axis and Neutral Battleships in World War II. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-0-87021-101-0.
• Gröner, Erich (1990). German Warships: 1815–1945. Volume 1: Major Surface Warships. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-790-9.
• Hogg, Ian V. (1997). German Artillery of World War Two (2nd corrected ed.). Mechanicsville, PA: Stackpole Books. ISBN 1-85367-480-X.

External links

• page from Nav weapons.com
• Hanstholm Museum