2nd Shock Army

The 2nd Shock Army (Russian: 2-я Ударная армия) was a field army of the Soviet Union during the Second World War. This type of formation was created in accordance with prewar doctrine that called for Shock Armies to overcome difficult defensive dispositions in order to create a tactical penetration of sufficient breadth and depth to permit the commitment of mobile formations for deeper exploitation.[1] However, as the war went on, Shock Armies lost this specific role and reverted, in general, to ordinary frontline formations.

2nd Shock Army
Active	1941–1946
Country	Soviet Union
Branch	Regular Army
Type	Shock Army
Size	Varied throughout the years
Part of	Military District
Engagements	Siege of Leningrad Battle of Narva Vistula–Oder Offensive
Commanders
Notable commanders	Andrei Vlasov Ivan Fedyuninsky

Formation

The 2nd Shock Army was formed from the Volkhov Front's 26th Army in December 1941 and initially consisted of the 327th Rifle Division and eight separate rifle brigades. During the Lyuban Offensive Operation in early 1942, the 2nd Shock Army broke through German lines, was cut off from reinforcement along the Volkhov River by a German counter-attack, and was not permitted to retreat. When the order for retreat finally came in, the 2nd was destroyed trying to escape.
This happened again during the Sinyavino Offensive in October 1942, in which the survivors of the 2nd Shock Army had to return to the Front's HQ for resupply and manpower to rebuild the Army.

By 1944, and during its participation in the Battle of Narva, the 2nd Shock Army consisted of five rifle divisions (11th, 43rd Rifle Division, 90th Rifle Division, 131st, and 196th) along with 600 artillery pieces, a tank brigade, another tank regiment, two SPG regiments, and masses of ammunition and supplies.[2]

After the war ended, the 2nd Shock Army remained in northeastern Germany (with its HQ at Schwerin) until January 1946, after which it returned to the USSR, where its HQ was reorganized as the HQ of the Arkhangel'sk Military District. It was composed of three rifle corps by this time (9 divisions). After the 2nd Shock Army was re-designated HQ Arkhangelsk MD's 116th Rifle Corps, its component units were spread among other districts. The 109th Rifle Corps (101st Guards, 46th and 372nd rifle divisions) went to the North Caucasus Military District, and the 134th Rifle Corps (102nd Guards, 90th and 272nd rifle divisions) went to the Voronezh Region.

Military history

General-Lieutenant Vlasov

In January 1942 the Volkhov Front commander, Meretskov, had to request the Army’s commander, General Lieutenant Sokolov, a former NKVD commissar, be relieved, as he was absolutely incompetent. Command was handed over to the former commander of 52nd Army, General Lieutenant Klykov.[3] Later that same month the 2nd Shock Army was launched against Lyuban, but its offensive saw the Army isolated, under a new commander, General Lieutenant A. A. Vlasov.

On January 7, 1942, Vlasov's army had spearheaded the Lyuban Offensive Operation to break the Leningrad encirclement. Planned as a combined operation between the Volkhov and Leningrad Fronts on a 30 km frontage, other armies of the Leningrad Front (including the 54th) were supposed to participate at scheduled intervals in this operation. Crossing the Volkhov River, Vlasov's army was successful in breaking through the German 18th Army's lines and penetrated 70–74 km deep inside German rear area.[4] The other armies (Volkhov Front's 4th, 52nd, and 59th Armies, 13th Cavalry Corps, and 4th and 6th Guards Rifle Corps), however, failed to provide the required support, and Vlasov's army became stranded. Permission to retreat was refused. With the counter-offensive in May 1942, the Second Shock Army was finally allowed to retreat, but by now, too weakened, it was virtually annihilated during the final breakout at Myasnoi Bor.[5] Vlasov was taken prisoner by the Wehrmacht troops on July 6, 1942.[6] He later raised a legion of Russians who fought alongside the German forces.

Meeting of the 2nd Shock Army and the 67th Army in January 1943 during Operation Iskra

The terrain in which the 2nd Shock Army fought in the 1944 Battle of Narva.

2nd Shock Army again suffered severe losses during the Siniavino operation from 19 August - 20 October 1942.[7] Again, the remnants were returned to the Front reserves for rebuilding.

In January 1943 it took part in the offensive which aimed to raise the Siege of Leningrad, Operation Iskra. The Stavka then intervened in Leningrad Front offensive planning during September 1943, changing the plan so that 2nd Shock Army would attack from the Oranienbaum bridgehead. The offensive, under a newly appointed commander, General I.I. Fedyuninskii, begun on 14 January, took part in breaking the almost 900-day Siege of Leningrad, and pushed west to the outskirts of Narva, resulting in the Battle of Narva.

The 2nd Shock Army struggled to take Narva and German positions further west of the city until September 1944, when deep exploitation by Soviet forces in the Baltic States forced a German retreat through Estonia. As a result of the strategic Soviet victory in this region, the 2nd Shock Army was moved south and assigned to the 2nd Belorussian Front. As part of the 2nd Belorussian Front, the 2nd Shock Army fought across Poland and northeastern Germany, with its route of march taking it north of Warsaw and Stettin. In late March, the army helped capture Danzig.[8] On May 1, 1945, the 2nd Shock Army took Stralsund on the Baltic Coast, ending the war there and on the island of Rügen.

Commanders

• Lieutenant-General Grigory Grigorievich Sokolov (from 12/25/1941 to 01/10/1942)
• Lieutenant-General Nikolai Klykov (from January 10, 1942 to April 16, 1942)
• Lieutenant-General Andrey Vlasov (from 04/16/1942 to 07/01/1942), later commander of the pro-Nazi Russian Liberation Army
• Lieutenant-General Nikolai Klykov (from 07.24.1942 to 12.12.1942)
• Lieutenant-General Vladimir Zakharovich Romanovsky (from 12/02/1942 to 12/23/1943)
• Lieutenant-General Ivan Fedyuninsky (from 12.24.1943 to 04.1946), commander during the Battle of Narva, from October 1944, Colonel-General.

Sources and references

1. Keith Bonn (ed), Slaughterhouse, p.306
2. John Erickson, The Road to Berlin, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1982, p.170
3. Erickson, Road to Stalingrad, 2003 Cassel edition, p.300
4. Meretskov, On the service of the nation, Ch.6
5. Erickson, Road to Stalingrad, 2003, p.352. See also p.381, where Erickson describes 2 Shock after this operation as 'an army brought back from the dead.'
6. Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn. The Gulag Archipelago. Harper & Row Publ., New York (1973), p 252, 253.
7. Dates are taken from David Glantz, The Soviet-German War 1941-1945: Myths and Realities: A Survey Essay, p.40
8. Beevor, Antony (2003-04-29). The Fall of Berlin 1945. Penguin. ISBN 9781101175286.

• Keith E. Bonn, Slaughterhouse: The Handbook of the Eastern Front, Aberjona Press, Bedford, PA, 2005
• Feskov, The Soviet Army in the Period of the Cold War, Tomsk, 2004