2012 Libyan parliamentary election

Elections for a General National Congress (GNC)[1] were held in Libya on 7 July 2012, having been postponed from 19 June.[2][3][4] Once elected, the General National Congress was to appoint a Prime Minister and Cabinet.[5] The GNC was originally to be charged with appointing a Constituent Assembly to draw up Libya's new constitution, but the National Transitional Council (NTC) announced on 5 July that the Assembly would instead be directly elected at a later date.[4]

2012 Libyan General National Congress election

7 July 2012
200 seats in the General National Congress (80 seats for political parties, 120 for individual candidates) 101 seats needed for a majority
First party Second party Third party   Leader Mahmoud Jibril Mohamed Sowan Mohamed el-Magariaf Party NFA JCP NFP Leader since 2012 2011 2011 Seats won 39 17 3 Popular vote 714,769 152,521 60,592 Percentage 48.1% 10.3% 4.1%   Fourth party Fifth party Sixth party   Leader Abdelrahman Sewehli Ali Tarhouni – Party UFH NCP Wadi Al-Hayah Party Leader since 2012 2012 2012 Seats won 2 2 2 Popular vote 66,772 59,417 6,947 Percentage 4.5% 4.0% 0.5%
Prime Minister before election Abdurrahim El-Keib Independent Elected Prime Minister Ali Zeidan NPFDW

Despite threats of a boycott, a majority of Libyans (61.58%)[6] cast a ballot. However, the election was marred by violence, protests and a number of deaths.[7][8]

Electoral system

A draft election law was published on 1 January 2012 on the website of the High National Election Commission (HNEC), after which public comments were accepted. The draft law proposed electing 200 representatives, of which at least 10% should be women, unless fewer than 10% of candidates were women. Members of the NTC and Jamahiriya government members, including relatives of Muammar Gaddafi, were barred from running.[9][10]

The second draft abolished the women's quota and allowed local NTC council members to run in the election; it also changed the electoral system from countrywide to constituency-based.[11] Following further protests against restrictions for dual nationals and other issues, the release of the electoral law was again postponed to 28 January 2012.[12] The NTC also sought the input of the Libyan Women's Platform for Peace, who had proposed an alternative electoral law and criticized the official draft on four key points relating to dual nationals, lack of a women's quota, inadequate countermeasures against corruption and the risk of incentivizing tribal party formation.[13]

A new electoral law was finally drafted on 28–29 January 2012. The election system will be a form of parallel voting, with 64 constituency seats (with independent candidates only) and 136 list seats for party lists. Lists will have to alternate between male and female candidates, in effect ensuring a women's quota. The age required to stand for election was lowered to 21 years, and citizens with dual nationality will be allowed to vote and run in the election.[14][15] Further changes were later made, changing the ratio to 120 constituency seats and 80 list seats, reportedly in an attempt to reduce the Muslim Brotherhood's influence in the new parliament.[16] The 120 constituency seats would be elected from 69 constituencies, whilst the 80 list seats would be elected in 20 constituencies.[17]

Voter registration

Registration of voters, parties participating in elections and independent candidates started at 1 May, and was due to finish on 14 May. However, following a call for a boycott of the process by the Council of Cyrenaica, which is seeking autonomy for parts of eastern Libya around the city of Benghazi, the deadline was extended until 21 May.[18] In total 2,865,937 voters, or 80% of the estimated 3 million to 3.5 million electorate, registered for the elections.[5] The registration process was supervised by the United Nations Support Mission in Libya.[19]

Minority groups, such as the Tawerghans, who had been accused of supporting former leader Muammar Gaddafi, said that the election was futile as they are marginalised. They also added that voter registration was difficult.[20] Yet about 90 percent of Tawerghans living in Janzour Naval Academy refugee camp registered to vote.[21]

Campaign

A total of 374 party lists registered to contest the 80 party list seats, together with 2,639 candidates for the 120 constituency seats.[17] The four parties that were expected to dominate the election are the National Front Party, the Justice and Construction Party, the National or Homeland Party and the National Forces Alliance. The National Front Party is linked to the National Front for the Salvation of Libya (NFSL), a former anti-Gaddafi resistance group formed in the 1980s. It is led by Mohamed el-Magariaf, an intellectual based in Eastern Libya. The Justice and Construction Party is the political arm of the Muslim Brotherhood in Libya. The Homeland Party is an Islamist party as well, led by the Islamic cleric Ali al-Sallabi and Abdelhakim Belhadj, the former emir of the Libyan Islamic Fighting Group (LIFG). The National Forces Alliance is a liberal umbrella coalition around ex-interim prime minister Mahmoud Jibril, who himself did not run for a seat in the GNC.[22][23]

The Libyan Popular National Movement, a political party supporting the policies of Gaddafi, was banned from participating in the elections.

Conduct

Voting was disrupted in some parts of the country, with 6% of the 6,629 polling stations unable to open normally.[5][24] However all but eight polling stations managed to open up for voters during the day and the remaining eight, including two in the Kufra area, which had seen clashes between Toubous and government forces, opened the following day.[25] In the Benghazi area a polling station was attacked by activists seeking autonomy for the east of the country and an election official was killed by a gun attack on a helicopter carrying voting materials on the day before the election.[5] In eastern Libya former rebels closed five oil terminals at Brega, Ra's Lanuf and Sidra for 48 hours in an attempt to disrupt the elections.[5][26] In Ajdabiya a pro-federalism protester was shot dead by locals when he tried to steal a ballot box from a polling station.[27] Officials with the HNEC were denied access to Bani Walid by tribal Gaddafi loyalists who control the city, and could not monitor the voting process.[28]

Around 1.7 million of 2.8 million registered voters participated in the elections.[25]

Results

See also: List of members elected to the General National Congress, 2012

According to first counts, the liberal National Forces Alliance did well in the northern areas except Misrata, whereas the race was more even in the south. The other key contenders were the Islamic Justice and Construction Party, which came in second, and Al-Watan, which in the end won no seats at all.[29]

On 17 July, the High National Election Commission announced provisional results. In the 80 proportional seats, Mahmoud Jibril's National Forces Alliance (NFA) received 48.1%, winning 39 seats. This was followed by the Justice and Construction Party (JCP), which received 10.3% and 17 seats and third was the National Front Party with 4.1% and three seats. The Union for the Homeland and the National Centrist Party also took two seats, as did the Wadi Al-Hayah Party for Democracy and Development. Fifteen other parties won one party list seat each.[30][31]

The affiliation of the 120 independents is obscure but the election for Prime Minister gave some indication: in the first round Mahmoud Jibril (NFA) got 86 votes, Mustafa Abushagur (independent) got 55 votes and Awad Barasi (JCP) got 41 votes.[32] Then Abushagur defeated Jibril with 96 to 94. It is estimated that 25 independents are associated with the NFA, 17 with Justice and Construction, and 23 are Salafis.[33]

Party		Proportional			Constituency			Total seats
		Votes	%	Seats	Votes	%	Seats
	National Forces Alliance	714,769	48.14	39			0	39
	Justice and Construction Party	152,441	10.27	17			0	17
	National Front	60,592	4.08	3			0	3
	Union for Homeland	66,772	4.50	2			0	2
	National Centrist Party	59,417	4.00	2			0	2
	Wadi Al-Hayah Party	6,947	0.47	2			0	2
	Moderate Ummah Assembly	21,825	1.47	1			0	1
	Authenticity and Renewal	18,745	1.26	1			0	1
	National Party For Development and Welfare	17,158	1.16	1			0	1
	Al-Hekma (Wisdom) Party	17,129	1.15	1			0	1
	Authenticity and Progress	13,679	0.92	1			0	1
	Libyan National Democratic Party	13,092	0.88	1			0	1
	National Parties Alliance	12,735	0.86	1			0	1
	Ar-Resalah (The Message)	7,860	0.53	1			0	1
	Centrist Youth Party	7,319	0.49	1			0	1
	Libya Al-'Amal (Libya – The Hope)	6,093	0.41	1			0	1
	Labaika National Party	3,472	0.23	1			0	1
	Libyan Party for Liberty and Development	2,691	0.18	1			0	1
	Arrakeeza (The Foundation)	1,525	0.10	1			0	1
	Nation and Prosperity	1,400	0.09	1			0	1
	National Party of Wadi ash-Shati'	1,355	0.09	1			0	1
	Homeland Party	51,292	3.45	0			0	0
	Other parties	218,562	14.72	0			0	0
	Independents	–	–	–			120	120
Invalid/blank votes		280,117	–	–		–	–	–
Total		1,764,840	100	80			120	200
Registered voters/turnout		2,865,937	61.58	–			–	–
Sources: Libya Herald, POMED, HNEC

References

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2. Libya elections postponed to July 7 Archived 20 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine Gulf News, 11 June 2012
3. "Libya: Transitional authorities to hold election 19 June", AfriqueJet, 28 April 2012, archived from the original on 7 May 2012, retrieved 1 May 2012
4. Gumuchian, Marie-Louise, and Hadeel Al Shalchi. "Libyans celebrate free vote despite violence". Reuters. Archived from the original on 9 July 2012. Retrieved 8 July 2012.
5. Libya election: Historic vote amid tensions Archived 24 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine, BBC News, 7 July 2012
6. "National Congress party results -". www.libyaherald.com. Archived from the original on 23 May 2019. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
7. "Boycott calls and unrest raise fear of violence on eve of Libya's first election". 6 July 2012. Archived from the original on 25 July 2014. Retrieved 18 July 2014.
8. Press, Associated (1 July 2012). "Libyan militia storm election office in Benghazi as violence spreads". the Guardian. Archived from the original on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 12 December 2016.
9. "Libya citizens linked to Muammar Gaddafi can't run in election: draft bill". 2 January 2012. Archived from the original on 22 January 2013. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
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11. Holmes, Oliver (20 January 2012), Libya drops election quota for women, Reuters
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16. Eljarh, Mohamed (1 February 2012), "The Libyan Elections Law 2012 and the Muslim Brotherhood", Middle East Online, archived from the original on 9 November 2013, retrieved 1 February 2012
17. "Libya elections: Do any of the parties have a plan?". BBC News. 6 July 2012. Archived from the original on 25 August 2012. Retrieved 6 September 2012.
18. Libya extends voter registration amid boycott call Archived 11 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine Daily Star (Lebanon), 13 May 2012
19. Final registration count at more than 2.7 million voters Libya Herald, 23 May 2012
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21. The election at the Tawergha camp in the Janzour Naval Academy, Libya Herald
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23. Khan, Umar (5 June 2012), "Libya's delayed elections are hard to call", The Guardian, archived from the original on 24 December 2013, retrieved 2 July 2012
24. Daily statistics from 1 to 21 May 2012 Archived 4 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine, High National Election Commission.
25. Election: 1.7 million Libyans voted; polling continues in 8 centres today Archived 22 August 2019 at the Wayback Machine, Libya Herald, 8 July 2012
26. Protests and tears of joy mark free Libyan poll Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Reuters
27. Libyan anti-poll protester shot dead in clash Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Reuters
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29. Soguel, Dominique (8 July 2012), Jibril urges unity as Libya wraps up vote count, AFP, archived from the original on 15 August 2012, retrieved 11 November 2016
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32. "Abushagur elected as Prime Minister -". www.libyaherald.com. Archived from the original on 13 December 2013. Retrieved 4 November 2012.
33. "Research paper" (PDF). www.swp-berlin.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 September 2018. Retrieved 19 May 2013.

External links

• High National Election Commission