20-Hydroxyecdysone

20-Hydroxyecdysone (ecdysterone or 20E) is a naturally occurring ecdysteroid hormone which controls the ecdysis (moulting) and metamorphosis of arthropods. It is therefore one of the most common moulting hormones in insects, crabs, etc. It is also a phytoecdysteroid produced by various plants, including Cyanotis vaga, Ajuga turkestanica and Rhaponticum carthamoides where its purpose is presumably to disrupt the development and reproduction of insect pests. In arthropods, 20-hydroxyecdysone acts through the ecdysone receptor. Although mammals lack this receptor, 20-hydroxyecdysone may affect mammalian (including human) biological systems in vitro, but there is uncertainty whether any in vivo or physiological effects occur. 20-Hydroxyecdysone is an ingredient of some supplements that aim to enhance physical performance. In humans it binds to the estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) protein-coding gene.[1]

20-Hydroxyecdysone
Clinical data
Pregnancy
category
  • X
Routes of
administration		Oral
Legal status
Legal status
  • Undetermined
Pharmacokinetic data
MetabolismHepatic
Elimination half-life4-9 hours
ExcretionUrinary:?%
Identifiers
CAS Number
PubChem CID
ChemSpider
UNII
ChEBI
ChEMBL
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard100.241.312
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC27H44O7
Molar mass480.642 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
 NY (what is this?)  (verify)

Sources in arthropods

The primary sources of 20-hydroxyecdysone in larvae are the prothoracic gland, ring gland, gut, and fat bodies. These tissues convert dietary cholesterol into the mature forms of the hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone.[2] For the most part these glandular tissues are lost in the adult with exception of the fat body, which is retained as a sheath of lipid tissue surrounding the brain and organs of the abdomen. In the adult female the ovary is a substantial source of 20-hydroxyecdysone production.[3] Adult males are left with, so far as is currently known, one source of 20-hydroxyecdysone which is the fat body tissue. These hormone producing tissues express the ecdysone receptor throughout development, possibility indicating a functional feedback mechanism.

Ecdysteroid activity in arthropods

An ecdysteroid is a type of steroid hormones in insects that are derived from enzymatic modification of cholesterol by p450 enzymes. This occurs by a mechanism similar to steroid synthesis in vertebrates. Ecdysone and 20-hydroxyecdysone regulate larval molts, onset of puparium formation, and metamorphosis. Being that these hormones are hydrophobic, they traverse lipid membranes and permeate the tissues of an organism. Indeed, the main receptor of these hormone signals - the ecdysone receptor - is an intracellular protein.

In humans and other mammals

Use as supplement

20-Hydroxyecdysone and other ecdysteroids are marketed as ingredients in nutritional supplements for various sports, particularly bodybuilding.[4] A comprehensive study, designed to find any strength or athletic improvement from 20-hydroxyecdysone, was published in 2006. The study looked for improvement in actual exercises performed and tested for improvements/increases in chemical indicators such as body composition and free/available testosterone. The results of the 2006 study concluded that using 30 mg per day of 20-hydroxyecdysone administered orally did not significantly affect anabolic or catabolic responses to resistance training, body composition, or training adaptations.[5] However, a number of earlier studies (,[6][7][8][9][10][11]) supported the anabolic effects of 20-Hydroxyecdysone. A more recent study conducted in 2019 by a team that included the Department for Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine at the German Sport University Cologne, found that significantly higher increases in muscle mass were observed in participants dosed with ecdysterone, with significantly more pronounced increases in one-repetition bench press performance.[12] The study was funded by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) and demonstrated a significant dose-responsive anabolic effect of 20-Hydroxyecdysone supplementation on athletes during resistance training. Furthermore, recent studies ([13]) have elucidated that the mechanism of action of 20-Hydroxyecdysone on human muscle cells is relatively selective activation of the beta form of the estrogen receptor (ERβ), which is known to result in muscle hypertrophy.

Use as research tool

20-Hydroxyecdysone and other ecdysteroids are used in biochemistry research as inducers in transgenic animals, whereby a new gene is introduced into an animal so that its expression is under the control of an introduced ecdysone receptor. Adding or removing ecdysteroids from the animal's diet then gives a convenient way to turn the inserted gene on or off (see ecdysone receptor). At usual doses, 20-hydroxyecdysone appears to have little or no effect on animals that do not have extra genes inserted; it also has high bioavailability when taken orally, so it is useful for determining whether the transgene has been taken up effectively.[14] For uses in gene therapy, it may be necessary to investigate more thoroughly the natural sources of ecdysteroids in humans (which appear to include dietary phytoecdysteroids, gut flora, helminth infections, and other diseases).[15]

There is some in vitro evidence to show that 20-hydroxyecdysone has effects on some kinds of blood cells such as lymphocytes and neutrophils, and may act as an immunomodulator.[16]

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References
  1. Isenmann E, Ambrosio G, Joseph JF, Mazzarino M, de la Torre X, Zimmer P, et al. (July 2019). "Ecdysteroids as non-conventional anabolic agent: performance enhancement by ecdysterone supplementation in humans". Archives of Toxicology. 93 (7): 1807–1816. doi:10.1007/s00204-019-02490-x. hdl:11573/1291269. PMID 31123801. S2CID 163166547.
  2. Thummel CS, Chory J (December 2002). "Steroid signaling in plants and insects--common themes, different pathways". Genes & Development. 16 (24): 3113–29. doi:10.1101/gad.1042102. PMID 12502734.
  3. Handler AM (September 1982). "Ecdysteroid titers during pupal and adult development in Drosophila melanogaster". Developmental Biology. 93 (1): 73–82. doi:10.1016/0012-1606(82)90240-8. PMID 6813165.
  4. Cohen PA, Sharfstein J, Kamugisha A, Vanhee C (April 2020). "Analysis of Ingredients of Supplements in the National Institutes of Health Supplement Database Marketed as Containing a Novel Alternative to Anabolic Steroids". JAMA Network Open. 3 (4): e202818. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.2818. PMC 7160690. PMID 32293681.
  5. Wilborn CD, Taylor LW, Campbell BI, Kerksick C, Rasmussen CJ, Greenwood M, Kreider RB (December 2006). "Effects of methoxyisoflavone, ecdysterone, and sulfo-polysaccharide supplementation on training adaptations in resistance-trained males". Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. 3 (2): 19–27. doi:10.1186/1550-2783-3-2-19. PMC 2129166. PMID 18500969.
  6. Simakin SY (1988). "The Combined Use of Ecdisten and the Product'Bodrost'during Training in Cyclical Types of Sport". Scientific Sports Bulletin: 2.
  7. Gadzhieva RM, Portugalov SN, Paniushkin VV, Kondrat'eva II (1995). "[A comparative study of the anabolic action of ecdysten, leveton and Prime Plus, preparations of plant origin.]". Eksperimental'naia i Klinicheskaia Farmakologiia. 58 (5): 46–8. PMID 8704590.
  8. Báthori M, Tóth N, Hunyadi A, Márki A, Zádor E (2008). "Phytoecdysteroids and anabolic-androgenic steroids--structure and effects on humans" (PDF). Current Medicinal Chemistry. 15 (1): 75–91. doi:10.2174/092986708783330674. PMID 18220764.
  9. Smetanin BY (1986). The influence of preparations of plant origin on physical work capacity (Report). The Russian Ministry of Public Health.
  10. Fadeev BG. Comments on the Results of Retibol in the Practice of Athletic Training and Rehabilitation (Report). Natural Sports Research Institute.
  11. Azizov AP, Seĭfulla RD, Ankudinova IA, Kondrat'eva II, Borisova IG (1998). "[The effect of the antioxidants elton and leveton on the physical work capacity of athletes]". Eksperimental'naia i Klinicheskaia Farmakologiia (in Russian). 61 (1): 60–2. PMID 9575416.
  12. Isenmann E, Ambrosio G, Joseph JF, Mazzarino M, de la Torre X, Zimmer P, et al. (July 2019). "Ecdysteroids as non-conventional anabolic agent: performance enhancement by ecdysterone supplementation in humans". Archives of Toxicology. 93 (7): 1807–1816. doi:10.1007/s00204-019-02490-x. hdl:11573/1291269. PMID 31123801. S2CID 163166547.
  13. Parr MK, Zhao P, Haupt O, Ngueu ST, Hengevoss J, Fritzemeier KH, Piechotta M, Schlörer N, Muhn P, Zheng WY, Xie MY, Diel P (September 2014). "Estrogen receptor beta is involved in skeletal muscle hypertrophy induced by the phytoecdysteroid ecdysterone". Molecular Nutrition & Food Research. 58 (9): 1861–72. doi:10.1002/mnfr.201300806. PMID 24974955.
  14. Saez E, Nelson MC, Eshelman B, Banayo E, Koder A, Cho GJ, Evans RM (December 2000). "Identification of ligands and coligands for the ecdysone-regulated gene switch" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 97 (26): 14512–7. Bibcode:2000PNAS...9714512S. doi:10.1073/pnas.260499497. PMC 18950. PMID 11114195.
  15. Graham LD (June 2002). "Ecdysone-controlled expression of transgenes". Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy. 2 (5): 525–35. doi:10.1517/14712598.2.5.525. PMID 12079488. S2CID 32235742.
  16. Trenin DS, Volodin VV (1999). "20-hydroxyecdysone as a human lymphocyte and neutrophil modulator: In vitro evaluation". Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology. 41 (3): 156–61. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1520-6327(1999)41:3<156::AID-ARCH7>3.0.CO;2-Q. PMID 10398339.
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