1419 Danzig

1419 Danzig (prov. designation: 1929 RF) is a highly elongated Flora asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt. It was discovered on 5 September 1929, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany.[1] The stony S-type asteroid has a rotation period of 8.1 hours and measures approximately 14 kilometers (8.7 miles) in diameter. It was named for the city of Gdańsk (German: Danzig).[2]

1419 Danzig
Modelled shape of Danzig from its lightcurve
Discovery [1]
Discovered byK. Reinmuth
Discovery siteHeidelberg Obs.
Discovery date5 September 1929
Designations
(1419) Danzig
Named after
German name of the
Polish city of Gdańsk [2]
1929 RF · 1936 RD
1952 HJ4 · 1957 WO1
A917 GA
Orbital characteristics [3]
Epoch 16 February 2017 (JD 2457800.5)
Uncertainty parameter 0
Observation arc99.90 yr (36,489 days)
Aphelion2.6285 AU
Perihelion1.9570 AU
2.2927 AU
Eccentricity0.1465
3.47 yr (1,268 days)
356.63°
0° 17m 2.04s / day
Inclination5.7254°
213.53°
232.65°
Physical characteristics
Mean diameter
14.059±0.096 km[7]
14.139 km[8]
14.997±0.382 km[9]
15.09±0.22 km[10]
(22.0°, 76.0°) (λ1/β1)[13]
0.2324[14][8]
0.2388±0.0462[7]
0.250±0.009[10]
0.260±0.023[9]
S (family-based)[14]
11.20[9] · 11.3[3][10] · 11.45±0.14[14][8][11] · 11.45[7] · 11.55±1.00[15]

    Classification and orbit

    When applying the synthetic hierarchical clustering method (HCM) by Nesvorný,[4] Danzig is a member of the Flora family (402), a giant asteroid family and the largest family of stony asteroids in the main-belt.[16]:23 However, according to the 1995 HCM-analysis by Zappalà,[6] and HCM-analysis by Milani and Knežević (AstDys), it is a background asteroid. The latter HCM-analysis does not recognize the Flora asteroid clan.[5]

    Danzig orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.0–2.6 AU once every 3 years and 6 months (1,268 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.15 and an inclination of 6° with respect to the ecliptic.[3] In 1917, it was first observed as A917 GA at Simeiz Observatory (and Heidelberg on the following night), extending the body's observation arc by 12 years prior to its official discovery observation at Heidelberg.[1]

    Naming

    This minor planet was named after the now Polish city and port on the Baltic sea, Gdańsk (German: Danzig). The city was also honored by another minor planet, 764 Gedania.[2] Naming citation was first mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 128)[2]

    Physical characteristics

    The overall spectral type for Florian asteroid is that of a stony S-type.[16]:23

    Rotation period and pole
    Lightcurve-based 3D-model of Danzig

    In November 1988, Polish astronomer Wiesław Wiśniewski obtained a rotational lightcurve of Danzig from photometric observations. It gave a well-defined rotation period of 8.0±0.1 hours with a brightness variation of 0.92 magnitude (U=3).[11] In October 2002, another lightcurve obtained by Italian and French amateur astronomers Silvano Casulli and Laurent Bernasconi gave a concurring period of 8.1202±0.0001 hours and an amplitude of 0.81 magnitude (U=3).[12] While Danzig has an average rotation period, it has a high brightness variation, which indicates that the body has a non-spheroidal shape. In 2011, a modeled lightcurve using data from the Uppsala Asteroid Photometric Catalogue (UAPC) and other sources gave a period 8.11957±0.00005 hours, as well as a spin axis of (22.0°, 76.0°) in ecliptic coordinates (λ, β) (U=n.a.).[13]

    Diameter and albedo

    According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Danzig measures 14.059 and 15.09 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.238 and 0.260.[7][9][10] The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts Petr Pravec's revised WISE-data, that is, an albedo of 0.2324 and a diameter of 14.139 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 11.45.[14][8]

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    References
    1. "1419 Danzig (1929 RF)". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 5 April 2017.
    2. Schmadel, Lutz D. (2007). "(1419) Danzig". Dictionary of Minor Planet Names. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 114. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_1420. ISBN 978-3-540-00238-3.
    3. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 1419 Danzig (1929 RF)" (2017-03-08 last obs.). Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved 5 April 2017.
    4. "Asteroid 1419 Danzig – Nesvorny HCM Asteroid Families V3.0". Small Bodies Data Ferret. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
    5. "Asteroid 1419 Danzig – Proper Elements". AstDyS-2, Asteroids – Dynamic Site. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
    6. Zappalà, V.; Bendjoya, Ph.; Cellino, A.; Farinella, P.; Froeschle, C. (1997). "Asteroid Dynamical Families". NASA Planetary Data System: EAR-A-5-DDR-FAMILY-V4.1. Retrieved 16 March 2020.} (PDS main page)
    7. Mainzer, A.; Grav, T.; Masiero, J.; Hand, E.; Bauer, J.; Tholen, D.; et al. (November 2011). "NEOWISE Studies of Spectrophotometrically Classified Asteroids: Preliminary Results". The Astrophysical Journal. 741 (2): 25. arXiv:1109.6407. Bibcode:2011ApJ...741...90M. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/741/2/90.
    8. Pravec, Petr; Harris, Alan W.; Kusnirák, Peter; Galád, Adrián; Hornoch, Kamil (September 2012). "Absolute magnitudes of asteroids and a revision of asteroid albedo estimates from WISE thermal observations". Icarus. 221 (1): 365–387. Bibcode:2012Icar..221..365P. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2012.07.026.
    9. Masiero, Joseph R.; Mainzer, A. K.; Grav, T.; Bauer, J. M.; Cutri, R. M.; Nugent, C.; et al. (November 2012). "Preliminary Analysis of WISE/NEOWISE 3-Band Cryogenic and Post-cryogenic Observations of Main Belt Asteroids". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 759 (1): 5. arXiv:1209.5794. Bibcode:2012ApJ...759L...8M. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/759/1/L8.
    10. Usui, Fumihiko; Kuroda, Daisuke; Müller, Thomas G.; Hasegawa, Sunao; Ishiguro, Masateru; Ootsubo, Takafumi; et al. (October 2011). "Asteroid Catalog Using Akari: AKARI/IRC Mid-Infrared Asteroid Survey". Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan. 63 (5): 1117–1138. Bibcode:2011PASJ...63.1117U. doi:10.1093/pasj/63.5.1117. Retrieved 17 October 2019. (online, AcuA catalog p. 153)
    11. Wisniewski, W. Z.; Michalowski, T. M.; Harris, A. W.; McMillan, R. S. (March 1995). "Photoelectric Observations of 125 Asteroids". Abstracts of the Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. 26: 1511. Bibcode:1995LPI....26.1511W.
    12. Behrend, Raoul. "Asteroids and comets rotation curves – (1419) Danzig". Geneva Observatory. Retrieved 5 April 2017.
    13. Hanus, J.; Durech, J.; Broz, M.; Warner, B. D.; Pilcher, F.; Stephens, R.; et al. (June 2011). "A study of asteroid pole-latitude distribution based on an extended set of shape models derived by the lightcurve inversion method". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 530: 16. arXiv:1104.4114. Bibcode:2011A&A...530A.134H. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201116738.
    14. "LCDB Data for (1419) Danzig". Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB). Retrieved 5 April 2017.
    15. Veres, Peter; Jedicke, Robert; Fitzsimmons, Alan; Denneau, Larry; Granvik, Mikael; Bolin, Bryce; et al. (November 2015). "Absolute magnitudes and slope parameters for 250,000 asteroids observed by Pan-STARRS PS1 - Preliminary results". Icarus. 261: 34–47. arXiv:1506.00762. Bibcode:2015Icar..261...34V. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2015.08.007.
    16. Nesvorný, D.; Broz, M.; Carruba, V. (December 2014). Identification and Dynamical Properties of Asteroid Families. Asteroids IV. pp. 297–321. arXiv:1502.01628. Bibcode:2015aste.book..297N. doi:10.2458/azu_uapress_9780816532131-ch016. ISBN 9780816532131.
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