1291

Year 1291 (MCCXCI) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Millennium:	2nd millennium
Centuries:	12th century 13th century 14th century
Decades:	1270s 1280s 1290s 1300s 1310s
Years:	1288 1289 1290 1291 1292 1293 1294

1291 in various calendars

Gregorian calendar	1291 MCCXCI
Ab urbe condita	2044
Armenian calendar	740 ԹՎ ՉԽ
Assyrian calendar	6041
Balinese saka calendar	1212–1213
Bengali calendar	698
Berber calendar	2241
English Regnal year	19 Edw. 1 – 20 Edw. 1
Buddhist calendar	1835
Burmese calendar	653
Byzantine calendar	6799–6800
Chinese calendar	庚寅年 (Metal Tiger) 3987 or 3927     — to — 辛卯年 (Metal Rabbit) 3988 or 3928
Coptic calendar	1007–1008
Discordian calendar	2457
Ethiopian calendar	1283–1284
Hebrew calendar	5051–5052
Hindu calendars
- Vikram Samvat	1347–1348
- Shaka Samvat	1212–1213
- Kali Yuga	4391–4392
Holocene calendar	11291
Igbo calendar	291–292
Iranian calendar	669–670
Islamic calendar	689–691
Japanese calendar	Shōō 4 (正応４年)
Javanese calendar	1201–1202
Julian calendar	1291 MCCXCI
Korean calendar	3624
Minguo calendar	621 before ROC 民前621年
Nanakshahi calendar	−177
Thai solar calendar	1833–1834
Tibetan calendar	阳金虎年 (male Iron-Tiger) 1417 or 1036 or 264     — to — 阴金兔年 (female Iron-Rabbit) 1418 or 1037 or 265

Events

By place

Europe

• Spring – Vandino and Ugolino Vivaldi set sail from Genoa with the goal of reaching India; they never return.
• May 10 – Scottish nobles recognize the authority of King Edward I of England, in mediating the resolution of the succession crisis, created by the death of King Alexander III of Scotland, five years earlier.
• August – The Swiss Confederation is formed by Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden (the "three forest cantons"), at Rütli, by the Federal Charter.
• Sancho IV of Castile captures Tarifa from the Moors.
• The Habsburgs acquire the Swiss city of Lucerne.
• Pope Nicholas IV confirms the independence of San Marino, via papal bull.
• All glassmakers in Venice are forced to move to the island of Murano, in order to contain the risk of fire, thus establishing the glass industry there.
• Klenová Castle is constructed in southern Bohemia, as part of a frontier defense system.
• King Andrew III of Hungary gives royal town privileges to Bratislava, the present-day capital of Slovakia.
• Switzerland officially gains its independence.

Asia

• May 18 – Al-Ashraf Khalil of Egypt captures Acre, thus exterminating the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem (the final Christian landholding remaining from the Crusades), and ending the Ninth Crusade and effectively all Crusades, by eliminating the possibility of further attacks on the Holy Land (see Siege of Acre (1291)).
• The artificial Kunming Lake is constructed as a reservoir for Dadu, Yuan Dynasty, China, by famous engineer and astronomer Guo Shoujing.
• Emperor Kameyama of Japan establishes the Zen Buddhist temple of Nanzenji, in Kyoto.

By topic

Markets

• Four towns of the county of Holland (Dordrecht, Haarlem, Leiden and Alkmaar) and two of the county of Zeeland (Middelburg and Zierikzee) agree for the first time to collectively secure a loan by their sovereign, Floris V. This system gives important securities to the lenders, and allows the ruler to access the same low interest rates as the cities’ governments.[1]

Births

• February 8 – King Afonso IV of Portugal (d. 1357)
• October 31 – Philippe de Vitry, French composer (d. 1361)
• Pope Clement VI (d. 1352)
• Theodore I of Montferrat (d. 1338)
• Aimone of Savoy (d. 1343)
• Margareta Ebner, German nun (d. 1351)

Deaths

• March 10 – Arghun, Mongol ruler in Persia
• May 20 – Sayyid Jalaluddin Surkh-Posh Bukhari, Bukharan Sufi saint
• June 18 – King Alfonso III of Aragon (b. 1265)
• July 15 – Rudolf I of Germany, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1218)
• Hong Dagu, Korean military leader (b. 1244)
• Talabuga, Mongol khan of the Blue Horde

References

1. Zuijderduijn, Jaco (2010). "The emergence of provincial debt in the county of Holland (thirteenth-sixteenth centuries)". European Review of Economic History. 14 (2).