1124 papal election

The 1124 papal election (held 13–21 December) took place after the death of Pope Callixtus II and chose Pope Honorius II as his successor.

Papal election
1124
Dates and location
16–21 December 1124
Elected pope
Lamberto Scannabecchi
Name taken: Honorius II

Background

Pressures building within the Curia, together with ongoing conflicts among the Roman nobility, would erupt after the death of Pope Callixtus II in 1124. The pontificates of Urban II and Paschal II saw an expansion in the College of Cardinals of Italian clerics that strengthened the local Roman influence. These cardinals were reluctant to meet with the batch of cardinals recently promoted by Callixtus II, who were mainly French or Burgundian.[1] As far as the older cardinals were concerned, these newer cardinals were dangerous innovators, and they were determined to resist their increasing influence.[1] The northern cardinals, led by Cardinal Aymeric de Bourgogne (the Papal Chancellor), were equally determined to ensure that the elected pope would be one of their candidates.[1] Both groups looked towards the great Roman families for support.

The area of medieval Rome controlled by the Frangipani family

By 1124, there were two great factions dominating local politics in Rome: the Frangipani family, which controlled the region around the fortified Colosseum and supported the northern cardinals,[1] and the Pierleoni family, which controlled the Tiber Island and the fortress of the Theatre of Marcellus and supported the Italian cardinals. With Callixtus II's death on 13 December 1124, both families agreed that the election of the next pope should be in three days time, in accordance with the church canons. The Frangipani, led by Leo Frangipani, pushed for a delay in order that they could promote their preferred candidate, Lamberto,[2] but the people were eager to see Saxo de Anagni, the Cardinal-Priest of San Stefano in Celiomonte elected as the next pope.[2] Leo, eager to ensure a valid election, approached key members of every Cardinal's entourage, promising each one that he would support their master when the voting for the election was underway.[3]

Election

On 16 December, all the Cardinals, including Lamberto, assembled in the chapel of the monastery of St. Pancratius attached to the south of the Lateran basilica.[3] There, at the suggestion of Jonathas, the Cardinal-Deacon of Santi Cosma e Damiano, who was a partisan of the Pierleoni family, the Cardinals unanimously elected as Pope the Cardinal-Priest of Sant’ Anastasia, Theobaldo Boccapecci, who took the name Celestine II.[4] He had only just put on the red mantle and the Te Deum was being sung when an armed party led by Roberto Frangipani[5] (in a move pre-arranged with Cardinal Aymeric)[1] burst in, attacked the newly enthroned Celestine, who was wounded, and acclaimed Lamberto as Pope.[4] Since Celestine had not been formally consecrated pope, the wounded candidate declared himself willing to resign, but the Pierleoni family and their supporters refused to accept Lamberto,[1] who in the confusion had been proclaimed Pope under the name Honorius II.[6] Historians recall the election as "a travesty of canonical procedure".[7]

Rome descended into factional infighting, while Cardinal Aymeric and Leo Frangipani attempted to win over the resistance of Urban, the City Prefect, and the Pierleoni family with bribes and extravagant promises. Eventually, Celestine's supporters abandoned him, leaving Honorius the only contender for the papal throne.[6] Honorius, unwilling to accept the throne in such a manner, resigned his position before all of the assembled Cardinals,[6] but was immediately and unanimously re-elected and consecrated on 21 December 1124.[1]

Cardinals

The College of Cardinals probably had between 47 and 53 members.[lower-alpha 1] Little information is available on which Cardinals were actually present in Rome during the election(s).

The following table lists the Cardinals that may have been present during the election[9].

Elector Title[lower-alpha 7] Elevated Elevator Notes
Vitalis Cardinal-Bishop of Albano c. 1115 Paschal II
Lamberto Scannabecchi Cardinal-Bishop of Ostia 1099 Paschal II Dean of the College of Cardinals, Elected pope Honorius II
Guillaume Cardinal-Bishop of Palestrina c. 1122 Callixtus II
Pietro Senex Cardinal-Bishop of Porto c. 1106 Paschal II
Crescenzio, iuniore Cardinal-Bishop of Sabina 1116 Paschal II
Gilles de Paris Cardinal-Bishop of Tusculum c. 1122 Callixtus II
Teobaldo Boccapecci Cardinal-Priest of S. Anastasia c. 1103 or 1112 Paschal II Elected pope Celestine II on 16 December, and resigned
Ioannes[lower-alpha 8] Cardinal-Priest of S. Cecilia c. 1106 Paschal II
Anastasio Cardinal-Priest of S. Clemente c. 1102 Paschal II
Gerardo Caccianemici Cardinal-Priest of S. Croce in Gerusalemme c. 1122 Callixtus II Future pope Lucius II
Teobaldo Cardinal-Priest of Ss. Giovanni e Paolo c. 1117 Paschal II
Deusdedit Cardinal-Priest of S. Lorenzo in Damaso c. 1116 Paschal II
Gregorio Albergati Cardinal-Priest of S. Lorenzo in Lucina c. 1116 Paschal II
Crescenzio di Anagni Cardinal-Priest of Ss. Marcellino e Pietro c. 1112 Paschal II
Pierre de Fontaines Cardinal-Priest of S. Marcello c. 1120 Callixtus II
Bonifacio Cardinal-Priest of S. Marco c. 1111 Paschal II Protopriest (?)
Amico Cardinal-Priest of Ss. Nereo ed Achilleo c. 1117 Paschal II
Benedetto Cardinal-Priest of S. Pietro in Vincoli c. 1102 Paschal II
Desiderio Cardinal-Priest of S. Prassede c. 1115 Paschal II
Gerardo / Gregorio[lower-alpha 9] Cardinal-Priest of Ss. Prisca ed Aquila c. 1115 Paschal II
Corrado della Suburra Cardinal-Priest of S. Pudenziana c. 1113 Paschal II Future pope Anastasius IV
Pietro Ruffino (Cariaceno)[lower-alpha 10] Cardinal-Priest of Ss. Silvestro e Martino 1118 or 1122[lower-alpha 11] Gelasius II (or Callixtus II)
Sigizo Cardinal-Priest of S. Sisto c. 1117 Paschal II
Sasso de Anagni Cardinal-Priest of S. Stefano al Monte Celio c. 1117 Paschal II
Pietro Pisano Cardinal-Priest of S. Susanna c. 1112 Paschal II
Ugo Lectifredo[lower-alpha 12] Cardinal-Priest of S. Vitale 1123 Callixtus II
Gregorio de Ceccano Cardinal-Priest of Ss. XII Apostoli c. 1102 Paschal II Future antipope Victor IV
Matteo Cardinal-Deacon of S. Adriano c. 1122 Callixtus II
Gregorio Papareschi Cardinal-Deacon of S. Angelo in Pescheria c. 1088 Urbanus II Future pope Innocent II
Gionata Cardinal-Deacon of Ss. Cosma e Damiano c. 1120 Callixtus II
Gregorio Cardinal-Deacon of S. Eustachio c. 1099 Paschal II
Roscemanno Sanseverino Cardinal-Deacon of S. Giorgio in Velabro c. 1112 Paschal II
Gregorio Gaetano Cardinal-Deacon of S. Lucia in Septisolio c. 1099 Paschal II
Comes / Cosma Cardinal-Deacon of S. Maria in Aquiro[lower-alpha 13] c. 1116[lower-alpha 14] Paschal II
Étienne de Bar Cardinal-Deacon of S. Maria in Cosmedin c. 1120 Callixtus II
Angelo Cardinal-Deacon of S. Maria in Domnica c. 1122 Callixtus II
Aymeric de la Châtre Cardinal-Deacon of S. Maria Nuova c. 1120 Callixtus II Chancellor
Romano Cardinal-Deacon of S. Maria in Portico c. 1119[lower-alpha 15] Callixtus II
Uberto Lanfranchi[lower-alpha 16] Cardinal-Deacon of S. Maria in Via Lata c. 1123 Callixtus II
Giovanni Dauferio Cardinal-Deacon of S. Nicola in Carcere c. 1122 Callixtus II
Gregorio Tarquini Cardinal-Deacon of Ss. Sergio e Bacco c. 1122 Callixtus II
Enrico de Mazara Cardinal-Deacon of S. Teodoro c. 1117 Paschal II
Gregorio Cardinal-Deacon of Ss. Vito e Modesto c. 1120 Callixtus II

Absentee Cardinals
Elector Title Elevated Elevator Notes
Giovanni Cremense Cardinal-Priest of S. Crisogono c. 1117 Paschal II Papal legate in Scotland or England at the time of the election[lower-alpha 17]
Pietro Pierleoni Cardinal-Priest of S. Maria in Trastevere c. 1106 Paschal II Papal legate in France at the time of the election. Future antipope Anacletus II
Oderisio di Sangro[lower-alpha 18] Cardinal-Priest of S. Ciriaco in Thermis[lower-alpha 19] c. 1112 Paschal II Abbot of Montecassino
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References
  1. Levillain, pg. 732
  2. Mann, pg. 231
  3. Mann, pg. 232
  4. Thomas, pg. 90
  5. Miranda, Salvador (1998–2020). "Election of December 13 to 15, 1124 (Honorius II)". The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church. Florida International University Libraries. Retrieved April 4, 2020.CS1 maint: date format (link)
  6. Mann, pg. 233
  7. Stroll, Mary (2004). Calixtus the Second, 1119–1124: A Pope Born to Rule. Leiden: BRILL. p. 164. ISBN 90-04-13987-7.
  8. Adams, John Paul (August 10, 2015). "Sede Vacante 1124". Notes on Papal Elections and Conclaves. CSUN. Retrieved May 4, 2019.
  9. Based on Adams[8] and Miranda[5], who in turn cite other sources including Brixius, Jaffé, Hüls, Klewitz, Stroll, Pandulf of Pisa and the Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1928
  10. Paravicini Bagliani, Agostino (1975). "Capizucchi, Roberto". www.treccani.it (in Italian). Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani. Retrieved 11 May 2019.

Works cited

Notes
  1. Miranda[5] lists 47 members; Adams[8] lists 49, but mentions Panvinio who states there were 53 Cardinals taking part in the election.
  2. The title of S. Balbina may have been occupied by Cardinal Gregorio, but the time of his creation is uncertain. Adams notes that, according to Pandulphus of Pisa, he was made a Cardinal by Callixtus II. Adams also notes that, according to Hüls, Gregorio was created by Honorius II in 1125. Miranda joins the latter opinion and considers the title to be vacant at the time of the election.
  3. Miranda mentions Giovanni O.S.B. Cas. at S. Eusebio. Adams notes that Cardinal Robertus (who was in schism since 1116) was restored to the title by the end of 1121. Even then, it remains unsure whether Cardinal Robertus was still alive for the election in 1124.
  4. Both Adams and Miranda consider that there may have been a Cardinal Stefano at S. Lucia in Selci at the time of the election. The most likely candidate, Stefano Stornato, was probably created Cardinal only in 1125 by Honorius II, making the status of the title during the election quite unsure.
  5. Miranda mentions Cardinal Bosone at Ss. Quattro Coronati, Adams considers the title to be vacant. Miranda's Bosone appears to be another Cardinal than Boso of S. Anastasia who resigned his title to become bishop of Turin in 1122.
  6. It is unclear whether Cardinals Comes of S. Maria in Aquiro and Comes of S. Sabina are the same person or not.
  7. The table does not list the following titles, for which there appears to be a lot of uncertainty: S. Balbina [lower-alpha 2], S. Eusebio [lower-alpha 3], S. Lucia in Selci [lower-alpha 4], Ss. Quattro Coronati [lower-alpha 5] and S. Sabina [lower-alpha 6]
  8. Miranda places Gianroberto Capizucchi at S. Cecilia. However, this Cardinal might be a fake.[10]
  9. Miranda notes that Cardinal Gerardo died around 1120 and does not mention the title for the 1124 election. Adams states that his latest surviving subscription stems from 1129.
  10. Miranda lists a Cardinal Domnizzone at Ss. Silvestro e Martino for the election of 1124. He contradicts himself, however, by accepting that Pietro Cariaceno occupied that title since December 1122. Adams notes that Domnizzone (Divizzo) was promoted to Cardinal-bishop of Tusculum, but was replaced in that title by Gilles de Paris (Aegidius) by the end of 1121.
  11. According to Adams he was previously Cardinal-deacon of S. Adriano (it is unclear whether it is the same "Petrus Rufus" created by Gelasius II, or another Petrus created by Paschal II). Miranda makes a distinction between Pietro "il Diacono" of S. Adriano and Pietro Cariaceno of Ss. Silvestro e Martino. Adams suggests, however, that the former could not have been Cardinal of S. Adriano at the time.
  12. According to Miranda, Cardinal Lectifredo was created in a consistory celebrated in 1123. Adams notes that Lectifredo first subscribes in 1128 and considers the title of S. Vitale to be vacant for the election of 1124.
  13. Adams lists him as Cardinal-Priest of S. Sabina, based on a subscription on April 15, 1123. This may be an error, since he states elsewhere that he was promoted only in 1126 by Honorius II. The article on the 1130 papal election notes they must have been different persons (based on Hüls and Jaffé), since Comes of S. Maria in Aquiro subscribed papal bulls until 1126, whereas Comes of S. Sabina appears for the first time in 1123.
  14. Miranda states that he was created in 1088 (hence by Urban II). Adams considers this unlikely since he only begins to subscribe in 1116.
  15. According to Miranda he was made a Cardinal in 1099 by Paschal II. Adams considers him a creation of Gelasius II.
  16. According to Miranda, Uberto Lanfranchi was only created Cardinal at S. Clemente in 1125. He places a Cardinal Romualdo Guarna at S. Maria in Via Lata at the time of the election. Romualdo did, however, become Archbishop of Salerno in 1121, resigning his title of Cardinal. Miranda doesn't seem to differentiate between Romuald I and Romuald Guarna (II).
  17. According to Adams he was given the mission by pope Callixtus II. According to Miranda he was present for the election and only left for England in 1125.
  18. Cardinal Oderisio did not participate in the election according to Adams (based on Petrus Diaconus). According to Miranda, he did participate. Neither source gives much details about it.
  19. Cardinal Oderisio was promoted from S. Agata to S. Ciriaco in Thermis in 1122, according to Miranda. Adams is less sure of this and states that the date of the promotion is not recorded.
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