1001 Gaussia

Gaussia (minor planet designation: 1001 Gaussia), provisional designation 1923 OA, is a dark background asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 73 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 8 August 1923, by Soviet astronomer Sergey Belyavsky at the Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula.[15] The asteroid was named after German mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss.[3] Gauss computed the orbit of Ceres, and 1001 Gaussia was named along with 1000 Piazzia, and 1002 Obelersia in part for their work on Ceres, with names for Giuseppe Piazzi, who found Ceres, and Heinrich Wilhelm Matthias Olbers, who recovered it later that year.[16]

1001 Gaussia
Orbit of Gaussia (blue) compared to those of the inner planets and Jupiter (outermost)
Discovery [1]
Discovered byS. Belyavskyj
Discovery siteSimeiz Obs.
Discovery date8 August 1923
Designations
(1001) Gaussia
Pronunciation/ˈɡaʊsiə/[2]
Named after
Carl Friedrich Gauss
(German mathematician)[3]
1923 OA · A907 XC
A911 MD
main-belt · (outer) [1][4]
Orbital characteristics [1]
Epoch 4 September 2017 (JD 2458000.5)
Uncertainty parameter 0
Observation arc109.33 yr (39,933 days)
Aphelion3.6150 AU
Perihelion2.8046 AU
3.2098 AU
Eccentricity0.1262
5.75 yr (2,100 days)
121.11°
0° 10m 17.04s / day
Inclination9.2958°
259.32°
142.51°
Physical characteristics
Dimensions67.80±19.69 km[5]
68.51±21.78 km[6]
72.422±1.517 km[7]
72.711±0.298 km[8]
74.67±3.8 km[9]
74.71 km (derived)[4]
75.40±0.99 km[10]
80.07±0.68 km[11]
4.08±0.05 h[12]
9.17±0.01 h[13]
20.99±0.01 h[lower-alpha 1]
0.036±0.007[11]
0.039±0.001[10]
0.0392±0.004[9]
0.041±0.004[8]
0.0416±0.0054[7]
0.0417 (derived)[4]
0.05±0.03[5]
0.05±0.04[6]
Tholen = PC [1][4]
B–V = 0.689 [1]
U–B = 0.265 [1]
9.70[4][5][11] · 9.72[6] · 9.77[7][9][10] · 9.8[1] · 9.91±0.26[14]

    Orbit and classification

    Gaussia is a background asteroid that does not belong to any known asteroid family. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.8–3.6 AU once every 5 years and 9 months (2,100 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.13 and an inclination of 9° with respect to the ecliptic.[1]

    The asteroid was first identified as A907 XC at Taunton Observatory (803) in December 1907. The body's observation arc begins at UNSO in January 1908, more than 15 years prior to its official discovery observation at Simeiz.[15]

    Physical characteristics

    In the Tholen classification, Gaussia has an ambiguous spectral type. Its type is closest to the primitive P-type asteroids, followed by the common carbonaceous C-type asteroids.[1][4]

    Rotation period

    In November 2005, a rotational lightcurve of Gaussia was obtained from photometric observations. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 20.99 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.11 magnitude (U=3).[lower-alpha 1]

    Lower-rated lightcurves with a divergent period of 4.08 and 9.17 hours were previously obtained in 2005 and 2009, respectively (U=1/2-).[12][13]

    Diameter and albedo

    According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Gaussia measures between 67.80 and 80.07 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.036 and 0.05.[5][6][7][8][9][10][11]

    The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0417 and a diameter of 74.71 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 9.7.[4]

    Naming

    This minor planet was named by Swedish astronomer Bror Ansgar Asplind after Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777–1855), German mathematician and director of the Göttingen Observatory (528), who also rediscovered Ceres using a new orbital computing method by Franz Xaver von Zach.[3]

    The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 96). He is also honored by the lunar crater Gauss.[3]

    1001 Gaussia was named as part of trio honoring the events surrounding the discovery of Ceres in 1801.[17] Carl Friedrich Gauss who computed the orbit of Ceres was for 1001 Gaussia, 1000 Piazzia for Giuseppe Piazzi and 1002 Olbersia for Heinrich Wilhelm Matthias Olbers.[17] Olbers recovered Ceres after it has passed behind the Sun and returned.[17] In the next few years only three more astronomical bodies were found between Mars and Jupiter, Pallas, Juno, and 4 Vesta, however it would be 37 years before another asteroid was found, 5 Astraea in 1845.[17]

    Notes
    1. Aznar (2016a) : Observation 2015-11-22. Rotation period 20.99±0.01 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.11±0.01 mag. Qulaity Code of 3.Summary figures for (1001) Gaussia at Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link (CALL)
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    gollark: Hi.
    gollark: Perhaps.
    gollark: This is of course why I am considering studying physics.
    gollark: Interleave them.

    See also

    References
    1. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 1001 Gaussia (1923 OA)" (2017-05-01 last obs.). Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved 5 September 2017.
    2. "Gaussian". Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. September 2005. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
    3. Schmadel, Lutz D. (2007). Dictionary of Minor Planet Names – (1001) Gaussia. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 87. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_1002. ISBN 978-3-540-00238-3.
    4. "LCDB Data for (1001) Gaussia". Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB). Retrieved 5 September 2017.
    5. Nugent, C. R.; Mainzer, A.; Masiero, J.; Bauer, J.; Cutri, R. M.; Grav, T.; et al. (December 2015). "NEOWISE Reactivation Mission Year One: Preliminary Asteroid Diameters and Albedos". The Astrophysical Journal. 814 (2): 13. arXiv:1509.02522. Bibcode:2015ApJ...814..117N. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/814/2/117.
    6. Nugent, C. R.; Mainzer, A.; Bauer, J.; Cutri, R. M.; Kramer, E. A.; Grav, T.; et al. (September 2016). "NEOWISE Reactivation Mission Year Two: Asteroid Diameters and Albedos". The Astronomical Journal. 152 (3): 12. arXiv:1606.08923. Bibcode:2016AJ....152...63N. doi:10.3847/0004-6256/152/3/63.
    7. Mainzer, A.; Grav, T.; Masiero, J.; Hand, E.; Bauer, J.; Tholen, D.; et al. (November 2011). "NEOWISE Studies of Spectrophotometrically Classified Asteroids: Preliminary Results". The Astrophysical Journal. 741 (2): 25. arXiv:1109.6407. Bibcode:2011ApJ...741...90M. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/741/2/90.
    8. Masiero, Joseph R.; Grav, T.; Mainzer, A. K.; Nugent, C. R.; Bauer, J. M.; Stevenson, R.; et al. (August 2014). "Main-belt Asteroids with WISE/NEOWISE: Near-infrared Albedos". The Astrophysical Journal. 791 (2): 11. arXiv:1406.6645. Bibcode:2014ApJ...791..121M. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/791/2/121.
    9. Tedesco, E. F.; Noah, P. V.; Noah, M.; Price, S. D. (October 2004). "IRAS Minor Planet Survey V6.0". NASA Planetary Data System. 12: IRAS-A-FPA-3-RDR-IMPS-V6.0. Bibcode:2004PDSS...12.....T. Retrieved 22 October 2019.
    10. Usui, Fumihiko; Kuroda, Daisuke; Müller, Thomas G.; Hasegawa, Sunao; Ishiguro, Masateru; Ootsubo, Takafumi; et al. (October 2011). "Asteroid Catalog Using Akari: AKARI/IRC Mid-Infrared Asteroid Survey". Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan. 63 (5): 1117–1138. Bibcode:2011PASJ...63.1117U. doi:10.1093/pasj/63.5.1117. Retrieved 17 October 2019. (online, AcuA catalog p. 153)
    11. Masiero, Joseph R.; Mainzer, A. K.; Grav, T.; Bauer, J. M.; Cutri, R. M.; Nugent, C.; et al. (November 2012). "Preliminary Analysis of WISE/NEOWISE 3-Band Cryogenic and Post-cryogenic Observations of Main Belt Asteroids". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 759 (1): 5. arXiv:1209.5794. Bibcode:2012ApJ...759L...8M. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/759/1/L8.
    12. Behrend, Raoul. "Asteroids and comets rotation curves – (1001) Gaussia". Geneva Observatory. Retrieved 5 September 2017.
    13. Bonzo, Dimitrij; Carbognani, Albino (July 2010). "Lightcurves and Periods for Asteriods [sic] 1001 Gaussia, 1060 Magnolia, 1750 Eckert, 2888 Hodgson, and 3534 Sax". The Minor Planet Bulletin. 37 (3): 93–95. Bibcode:2010MPBu...37...93B. ISSN 1052-8091.
    14. Veres, Peter; Jedicke, Robert; Fitzsimmons, Alan; Denneau, Larry; Granvik, Mikael; Bolin, Bryce; et al. (November 2015). "Absolute magnitudes and slope parameters for 250,000 asteroids observed by Pan-STARRS PS1 - Preliminary results". Icarus. 261: 34–47. arXiv:1506.00762. Bibcode:2015Icar..261...34V. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2015.08.007.
    15. "1001 Gaussia (1923 OA)". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 5 September 2017.
    16. "1941ASPL....3..365N Page 365". Bibcode:1941ASPL....3..365N. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
    17. Nicholson, S. B. (1941). "The Countless Asteroids". Leaflet of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 3 (147): 365. Bibcode:1941ASPL....3..365N.

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