Tokyo Tower

Tokyo Tower (東京タワー, Tōkyō tawā, officially called 日本電波塔 Nippon denpatō "Japan Radio Tower") is a communications and observation tower in the Shiba-koen district of Minato, Tokyo, Japan. At 332.9 meters (1,092 ft), it is the second-tallest structure in Japan. The structure is an Eiffel Tower-inspired lattice tower that is painted white and international orange to comply with air safety regulations.

Not to be confused with Tokyo Skytree, the tallest tower in the world. For other uses, see Tokyo Tower (disambiguation).
Tokyo Tower
東京タワー
Tokyo Tower as seen in 2011
General information
StatusCompleted
TypeCommunications tower
Observation tower
Location4-2-8 Shiba-koen, Minato, Tokyo 105-0011
Coordinates35°39′31″N 139°44′44″E
Construction startedJune 1957
Completed1958
Opening23 December 1958
Cost¥2.8 billion
(US$8.4 million in 1958)
OwnerThe Tokyo Tower Company (controlling shareholder: Toei Company and Mother Farm)
Height
Architectural333 m (1,093 ft)
Antenna spire332.9 m (1,092 ft)[1]
Top floor249.6 m (819 ft)
Observatory249.6 m (819 ft)
Technical details
Floor count16+
Lifts/elevators4
Design and construction
ArchitectTachū Naitō[2]
Structural engineerNikken Sekkei Ltd.[3]
Main contractorTakenaka Corporation[2]

Built in 1958, the tower's main sources of income are tourism and antenna leasing. Over 150 million people have visited the tower. FootTown, a four-story building directly under the tower, houses museums, restaurants and shops. Departing from there, guests can visit two observation decks. The two-story Main Deck (formerly known as the Main Observatory) is at 150 meters (490 ft), while the smaller Top Deck (formerly known as the "Special Observatory") reaches a height of 249.6 meters (819 ft). The names were changed following renovation of the top deck in 2018.[4]

The tower acts as a support structure for an antenna. Intended for television broadcasting, radio antennas were installed in 1961, but the tower now broadcasts signals for Japanese media outlets such as NHK, TBS and Fuji TV. Japan's planned digital television transition by July 2011 was problematic, however; Tokyo Tower's height, 332.9 m (1,092 ft) was not high enough to support complete terrestrial digital broadcasting to the area. A taller digital broadcasting tower, known as Tokyo Skytree, was completed on 29 February 2012. Every five years Tokyo Tower is repainted. It takes one year to repaint it.

Since its completion in 1958, Tokyo Tower has become a prominent landmark in the city, and frequently appears in media set in Tokyo.

Tokyo Tower, with Shiodome in the background

Construction

A large broadcasting tower was needed in the Kantō region after NHK, Japan's public broadcasting station, began television broadcasting in 1953. Private broadcasting companies began operating in the months following the construction of NHK's own transmission tower. This communications boom led the Japanese government to believe that transmission towers would soon be built all over Tokyo, eventually overrunning the city. The proposed solution was the construction of one large tower capable of transmitting to the entire region.[5] Furthermore, because of the country's postwar boom in the 1950s, Japan was searching for a monument to symbolize its ascendancy as a global economic powerhouse.[6][7]

Construction underway on 25 February 1958

Hisakichi Maeda, founder and president of Nippon Denpatō, the tower's owner and operator, originally planned for the tower to be taller than the Empire State Building, which at 381 meters was the highest structure in the world. However, the plan fell through because of the lack of both funds and materials. The tower's height was eventually determined by the distance the TV stations needed to transmit throughout the Kantō region, a distance of about 150 kilometers (93 mi). Tachū Naitō, renowned designer of tall buildings in Japan, was chosen to design the newly proposed tower.[5] Looking to the Western world for inspiration, Naitō based his design on the Eiffel Tower in Paris, France.[8] With the help of engineering company Nikken Sekkei Ltd., Naitō claimed his design could withstand earthquakes with twice the intensity of the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake or typhoons with wind speeds of up to 220 kilometers per hour (140 mph).[5]

The new construction project attracted hundreds of tobi (鳶), traditional Japanese construction workers who specialized in the construction of high-rise structures. The Takenaka Corporation broke ground in June 1957 and each day at least 400 laborers worked on the tower.[5] It was constructed of steel, a third of which was scrap metal taken from US tanks damaged in the Korean War.[9][10] When the 90-meter-long antenna was bolted into place on 14 October 1958, Tokyo Tower was the tallest freestanding tower in the world, taking the title from the Eiffel Tower by 9 meters.[11] Despite being taller than the Eiffel Tower, Tokyo Tower only weighs about 4,000 tons, 3,300 tons less than the Eiffel Tower.[12] While other towers have since surpassed Tokyo Tower's height, the structure was still the tallest artificial structure in Japan until April 2010, when the new Tokyo Skytree became the tallest structure in Japan.[8] It was opened to the public on 23 December 1958 at a final cost of ¥2.8 billion ($8.4 million in 1958).[10][13] Tokyo Tower was mortgaged for ¥10 billion in 2000.[14]

Planned as an antenna for telecommunications and brightly colored in accordance with the time's Aviation Law, the tower's two panoramic observatories are mostly frequented by tourists today; the tower constitutes a clear reference point in the center's chaotic skyline, forming a strong landmark, both night and day.[15]

Maintenance

Every five years, the tower is repainted in a process that takes about a year to complete. Tokyo Tower is next planned to be repainted in 2024.[16][17]

Functions
Looking down from the glass-flooring at the Tokyo Tower
The Special Observatory located directly below the tower's digital television broadcasting equipment

Tokyo Tower's two main revenue sources are antenna leasing and tourism. It functions as a radio and television broadcasting antenna support structure and is a tourist destination that houses several different attractions. Over 150 million people have visited the tower in total since its opening in late 1958.[7] Tower attendance had been steadily declining until it bottomed out at 2.3 million in 2000.[18] Since then, attendance has been rising, and it has recently been attracting approximately 3 million visitors per year.[7] The first area tourists visit upon reaching the tower is FootTown, a four-story building stationed directly under the tower. There, visitors can eat, shop and visit several museums and galleries. Elevators that depart from the first floor of FootTown can be used to reach the first of two observation decks, the two-story Main Observatory.[19] For the price of another ticket, visitors can board another set of elevators from the second floor of the Main Observatory to reach the final observation deck—the Special Observatory.[20]

Broadcasting

Tokyo Tower, a member of the World Federation of Great Towers, is used by many organizations for broadcasting purposes. The structure was intended for broadcasting television, but radio antennas were installed in 1961 because it could accommodate them.[7] The tower now broadcasts analog television, digital television, radio and digital radio. Stations that use the tower's antenna include:[12]

The Tokyo Tower, built in 1958
The 2011 Tōhoku earthquake did slight damage to the antenna of Tokyo Tower.

Japan employs both analog and digital broadcasting, but by July 2011 all television broadcasting was changed to solely digital. Tokyo Tower is not a reliable broadcasting antenna for completely digital broadcasting because the tower is not tall enough to transmit the higher frequency waves to areas surrounded by forests or high-rise buildings. As an alternative, a new 634-meter-tall (2,080 ft) tower called the Tokyo Skytree was opened in 2012.[7] To make Tokyo Tower more appealing to NHK and five other commercial broadcasters who plan to move their transmitting stations to the new tower, Nihon Denpatō officials drafted a plan to extend its digital broadcasting antenna by 80 to 100 meters at a cost of approximately ¥4 billion (US$50 million).[21] Because these plans have not been realized, Tokyo Tower is expected to stop transmitting digital TV radio waves with the exception of Open University of Japan, who will continue to broadcast through the tower. FM radio stations will also continue to use the tower for broadcasting in the Tokyo area. Masahiro Kawada, the tower's planning director, also pointed out the possibility of the tower becoming a backup for the Tokyo Skytree, depending on what the TV broadcasters want or need.[7][22]

The antenna's tip was damaged on 11 March 2011 by the Tōhoku earthquake.[23] On 19 July 2012, the Tokyo Tower's height shrank to 315 meters while the top antenna was repaired for damage from the earthquake.[1]

Attractions
The base of Tokyo Tower with the FootTown building located underneath

FootTown

Located in the base of the tower is a 4-story building known as FootTown. The first floor includes the Aquarium Gallery, a reception hall, the 400-person-capacity "Tower Restaurant", a FamilyMart convenience store and a souvenir shop.[24][25] This floor's main attractions, however, are the three elevators that serve as a direct ride to the Main Observatory.[19] The second floor is primarily a food and shopping area. In addition to the five standalone restaurants, the second floor's food court consists of four restaurants, including a McDonald's and a Pizza-La.[26][27]

A Shinto shrine is located on the second floor of the Main Observatory.

FootTown's third and fourth floors house several tourist attractions. The third floor is home to the Guinness World Records Museum Tokyo, a museum that houses life-size figures, photo panels and memorabilia depicting interesting records that have been authenticated by the Guinness Book.[28] The Tokyo Tower Wax Museum, opened in 1970, displays wax figures imported from London where they were made.[29] The figures on display range from pop culture icons such as The Beatles to religious figures such as Jesus Christ. A hologram gallery named the Gallery DeLux, a lounge and a few specialty stores are also located on this floor.[30] Tokyo Tower's Trick Art Gallery is located on the building's fourth and final floor. This gallery displays optical illusions, including paintings and objects that visitors can interact with.[31]

On the roof of the FootTown building is a small amusement park that contains several small rides and hosts live performances for children.[32] On weekends and holidays, visitors can use the roof to access the tower's outside stairwell. At approximately 660 steps, the stairwell is an alternative to the tower's elevators and leads directly to the Main Observatory.[33]

Tokyo One Piece Tower
Main article: Tokyo One Piece Tower

Based on the hit manga and anime One Piece, Tokyo Tower features a small One Piece themed amusement park that opened in 2015. The amusement park offers a range of attractions, shops, and restaurants, all based on the characters from Eiichiro Oda's manga. Patrons can enjoy various games or attractions based on their favorite characters, or enjoy meals from the world of One Piece. There is also a gift store that features exclusive goods for One Piece fans.[34][35]

Appearance
Tokyo Tower in January 2011 with the Tokyo Skytree under construction behind.

Tokyo Tower requires a total of 28,000 liters (7,400 U.S. gal) of paint to completely paint the structure white and international orange, complying with air safety regulations.[12] Before the tower's 30th anniversary in 1987, the only lighting on the tower were light bulbs located on the corner contours that extended from the base to the antenna. In the spring of 1987, Nihon Denpatō invited lighting designer Motoko Ishii to visit the tower. Since its opening 30 years earlier, the tower's annual ticket sales had dropped significantly, and in a bid to revitalize the tower and again establish it as an important tourist attraction and symbol of Tokyo, Ishii was hired to redesign Tokyo Tower's lighting arrangement.[36]

Unveiled in 1989, the new lighting arrangement required the removal of the contour-outlining light bulbs and the installation of 176 floodlights in and around the tower's frame.[36] From dusk to midnight, the floodlights illuminate the entire tower.[12] Sodium vapor lamps are used from 2 October to 6 July to cover the tower in an orange color. From 7 July to 1 October, the lights are changed to metal halide lamps to illuminate the tower with a white color. The reasoning behind the change is a seasonal one. Ishii reasoned that orange is a warmer color and helps to offset the cold winter months. Conversely, white is thought a cool color that helps during the hot summer months.[37]

Occasionally, Tokyo Tower's lighting is changed to specific arrangements for special events. The tower is specially lit for some annual events. Since 2000, the entire tower has been illuminated in a pink light on 1 October to highlight the beginning of National Breast Cancer Awareness Month. The tower has also had a variety of special lighting arrangements for Christmas since 1994. During New Year's Eve, the tower lights up at midnight with a year number displayed on one side of the observatory to mark the arrival of the new year. Special Japanese events have also been cause to light the tower in several nontraditional ways. In 2002, alternating sections of the tower were lit blue to help celebrate the opening of the FIFA World Cup in Japan. Alternating sections of the tower were lit green on Saint Patrick's Day in 2007 to commemorate the 50th anniversary of Japanese-Irish relations. On a few occasions, Tokyo Tower has even been specially lit to correspond with corporate events. For example, the top half of the tower was lit green to correspond with the Japanese premiere of The Matrix Reloaded and different sections of the tower were lit red, white and black to commemorate the first day of sales of Coca-Cola C2.[37] The tower was also lit for the new millennium in 2000 with Motoko Ishii again reprising her role as the designer.[38] In December 2008, Nihon Denpatō spent $6.5 million to create a new nighttime illumination scheme—titled the "Diamond Veil"—to celebrate the tower's 50th anniversary. The arrangement featured 276 lights in seven colors equally distributed across the towers four faces.[10]

When employing specialty lighting on the tower, the Main Observatory often plays an important role. During the second international "White Band Day" on 10 September 2005, the tower was completely unlit except for the Main Observatory, which was lit with a bright white light. The resulting white ring represented the White Band referenced in the day's name. The two floors of windows that make up the exterior of the Main Observatory are utilized to display words or numbers. When the tower employed lighting to commemorate terrestrial digital broadcasting first being available in the Kantō region on 1 December 2005, each side of the Main Observatory displayed the characters 地デジ (chi deji, an abbreviation for 地上デジタル放送 chijō dejitaru hōsō terrestrial digital broadcasting).[37] More recently, the observatory displayed both "TOKYO" and "2016" to stress Tokyo's 2016 Olympic bid.[39] Primitive images, such as hearts, have also been displayed using the observatory's windows.[37]

Renovation

Operations at The Tokyo Tower Top Deck (250m Height) suspended operations in 2016. The Top Deck reopened on March 3, 2018. At that time, Tokyo tower also announced the renaming of both decks. Renovations on the main deck, which began in September 2016, caused partial closure of the deck.[4]

Mascots

The Tokyo Tower has two mascots named ノッポン Noppon. They are two brothers: Older Brother, who wears blue dungarees, and Younger Brother, who wears red dungarees. They were unveiled on 23 December 1998 to celebrate the 40th anniversary of the Tokyo Tower.[40]

Media representation of Tokyo Tower

Just as the Eiffel Tower is often used in popular culture to immediately locate a scene in Paris, France, the Tokyo Tower is often used in the same way for Tokyo.

It is used in anime and manga such as Doraemon, Tokyo Magnitude 8.0, Magic Knight Rayearth, Please Save My Earth, Cardcaptor Sakura, Digimon, Detective Conan, Sailor Moon, Tenchi Muyo! and Death Note.[41] The tower is also frequently used in the Japanese kaiju (giant monster) film genre. It has been the location of numerous battles and visitations by Godzilla, Mothra, Gamera and King Kong (King Kong Escapes) wherein it is frequently destroyed and rebuilt.[13][42] Based on the popular manga series by Ryōhei Saigan, the 2005 film Always Sanchōme no Yūhi was a nostalgic view of life in the neighborhoods beneath the construction of the Tokyo Tower.

Tokyo tower is fully featured in the Japanese culture and lifestyle television show Begin Japanology aired on NHK World in 2008.

The Tokyo Tower was also featured in the Cars Toons episode Tokyo Mater, as the Japanese street racer Kabuto and the ninjas challenges Lightning McQueen and Tow Mater in a race where the goal is to arrive at the top of the tower at midnight. It additionally appears in the ending scene of Pretty Cure All Stars New Stage 3 where Cures Lovely and Princess and the first completed PreCure teams perform their rendition of the song called Pretty Cure Memory. The tower also features in a prominent narrative role in the 2017 anime Revue Starlight. It is where two main characters make a binding promise together as children in the light of the tower, the tower then appears as a recurring motif throughout the series.

Emoji set has Tokyo tower ideogram , which is included to Unicode version 6.0 as codepoint U+1F5FC 🗼 TOKYO TOWER.[43]

gollark: Except universities run their own admissions tests, due to bee.
gollark: The UK uses the obviously superior system of ridiculously high-stakes exams, but due to timing you actually apply before doing those, so actually they just guess what your grades in that will be.
gollark: Everyone knows that clarity is directly proportional to 2^(number of universal quantifiers).
gollark: I would change it entirely to an APL program.
gollark: Interesting.

See also

References
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