On the linux side, it's a question of having your home directory mounted on login, which is the same concept as Roaming Profiles in windows. The difference between Windows and Linux being that, on a basic level, Windows would try to cache the files locally ( hence the slow initial login time ) and Linux would just mount. At this level, there are some pretty obvious advantages / disandantages to each method ...
Were you to wish to implement such a thing in Linux, this would either mean a centralized /home mounted from an NFS server, or per-user settings loaded on login via pam_mount. With the information possibly coming from NIS ( Sun's drepecated information tree ), or from LDAP being the Linux alternative/not-so-equivalent to Active Directory.
Correct, you can do this with roaming profiles. Typically, roaming profiles are deployed using Active Directory. They can be used for Windows 2000 through Windows 7. If you want to deploy this for a large user base, you'll probably want a Windows Server running Active Directory, and you will need a large amount of space to store all of the user profiles. – nhinkle – 2010-05-13T03:25:55.117