If you right-click your disk and choose the function "add a mirror", no data will be lost. I've done this many times on Windows7 / 2008R2 and up. It is also described on MS technet, though I didn't find the article right away just now.
The system will start synchronizing the disks, which takes hours to complete. It is safe to reboot (including power loss and restart) - all that happens is that the resync starts over at 0% instead of where it was before, so it has to complete once before you can rely on your mirror to hold your data fail-safe.
If you don't see the option "add a mirror", then you first need to convert your basic disk to dynamic disk. If you can't do this or have done it and still don't see the option, that's a totally different case from what the OP asks and should go in a different question.
Remember to check the sanity of your mirror each day ... the server will run fine with one failed disk and you might be vulnerable to total data loss for a long time without realizing it.