According to the filesystem howto:
Ext2fs keeps track of the filesystem state. A special field in the
superblock is used by the kernel code to indicate the status of the
file system. When a filesystem is mounted in read/write mode, its
state is set to Not Clean
. When it is unmounted or remounted in
read-only mode, its state is reset to Clean
. At boot time, the
filesystem checker uses this information to decide if a filesystem
must be checked. The kernel code also records errors in this field.
When an inconsistency is detected by the kernel code, the filesystem
is marked as Erroneous
.
So you're probably looking for device states that do not mention "clean", or otherwise match grep -i error
; dumpe2fs
should show the state.
$ dumpe2fs -h /dev/sda1 | grep state
dumpe2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)
Filesystem state: not clean
$