What you can do is combine Substitute with server side includes. Here is the specific code block that I used
<Location "/css">
# This specifies the filter sequence
AddOutputFilterByType SUBSTITUTE;INCLUDES text/css
# This specifies that SSI should be allowed.
Options Includes
ProxyPass "https://fonts.googleapis.com/css"
# This converts the string I want and replaces them with SSI directives
Substitute 's|https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/|<!--#echo var="REQUEST_SCHEME" -->://<!--#echo var="HTTP_HOST" -->/s/|'
</Location>
To help with figuring out what variables you have available you can temporarily do this
Substitute 's|https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/|<!--#printenv -->/s/|'
I used this in my Google Fonts Proxy image [sources].