Unlike the United Kingdom, U.S. citizens don't have an explicit right to privacy in the Constitution. Although there are implied privacy rights within "penumbras" of the Bill of Rights this has evolved into various laws that have changed depending on the situation... it's hard to sus though and figure out.
Generally speaking,
What frequently used law does does the Government rely on to search private property? (e.g. warrant, detainment, or arrest)
What "domains of authority" are relevant? Is it strictly hierarchical: local, state, Federal?
When can corporations, search private equipment without violating tort laws? (as the 14th amendment doesn't apply to them)
For a government example, despite schools having en loco parentis authority, private schools have more flexibility with the 14th amendment than state funded schools do.
For a private example, if I bring my laptop to a mall, does the mall security officer have the right to detain my equipment? ... or search it?
Furthering the private example, from what I can tell parents are always allowed to search the property of their children.
Motivation
My need is to identify a general framework of where exceptions to privacy may exist in the interactions of Government, corporations, and private citizen, and not be an exhaustive list.
My goal is to use this with instructional material to motivate people to care about computer privacy within those contexts, because often times people either share more than necessary, or don't guard themselves appropriately without thinking of the consequences.