War on Terror

The "War on Terror" is a phrase coined by George W. Bush's speechwriters to refer to the United States response to the terrorist attacks of 9/11. Bush described the attacks as "acts of war" the following day (September 12, 2001),[3] but first referred to a "war on terror" in an address to Congress on September 20, 2001.[4]

It never changes
War
A view to kill
v - t - e
“”He who fights monsters should see to it that he himself does not become a monster.
—Friedrich Nietzsche, 1886[1]
“”Incrementally, bit by bit, this nameless war has already expanded the scope and reach of the national security apparatus. It is diverting vast quantities of wealth to nonproductive purposes even as it normalizes the continuing militarization of the American way of life. By sowing fear and fostering impossible expectations of perfect security, it is undermining American freedom in the name of protecting it, and doing so right before our eyes.
—Andrew J. Bacevich, 12/3/15[2]

As much as the United States public may have required such tough talking at the time, living up to the phrase's logic was always going to be like pinning jelly to a wall.[5] History will note that the Bush administration, confusing policing with military warfare, kept pinning away nevertheless.

A study conducted by the Rand Corporation in 2008 determined that 43% of terrorist organizations disband after becoming legitimate players in the political process.[6] Another 40% of them are broken up by law enforcement actions.[7] A further 10% of them disband after achieving their stated goals.[8] Only 7% of terrorist organizations are neutralized by military force.[9] Yet the US currently spends $2 billion a month for its military campaign against terrorists.[citation needed]

Efficacy

The effectiveness is nil, in the strictest of terms, as "terror" is no more capable of being defeated, than it is of surrendering. Even in the most charitable analysis, the picture can be described as "mixed" at best.

While America got to feel better about itself after being an idiot and torturing Afghans, little else has gone either smoothly or well in the campaign. Al-Qaeda has been deprived of one safe haven, but has already adjusted and regrouped in the semi-autonomous tribal regions of Pakistan, destabilizing both that country (a nuclear-armed state) and neighboring Afghanistan from where they fled. While Al-Qaeda's large-scale training camps in Afghanistan are no more, terrorist plots continue to be hatched — the "underpants bomber" who came close to blowing up an airplane on Christmas Day 2009 was trained and equipped in Yemen.[10] Strikes in Pakistani territory have fueled public outrage against the US and increased support for local militants.[11]

America's debacle in Iraq is not only siphoning away efforts that might be genuinely used to combat terrorism or terrorists, it is actively generating a new generation of disaffected people — future terrorists. Contrary to Bush's statements, Iraq was not a major sponsor of terrorism before the war, Al-Qaeda affiliates only flocked to the country after the invasion and began targeting US forces and Iraqi civilians in a bid to start a civil war. And guess what we got.

Why is it ineffective?

To understand why the war on terror is not effective, one must first understand what "terrorism" is. The official definition is:

“”The calculated use of violence (or the threat of violence) against civilians in order to attain goals that are political or religious or ideological in nature; this is done through intimidation or coercion or instilling fear.[12]

However, the term has been quite liberally used to describe any enemy of a given state, and the line becomes quite blurry during times of war, when many enemies are civilians, making the term easy to bend. Per Article 52 of Additional Protocol I of the Geneva Conventions, any person who provides material, logistical, communication, administrative, military or paramilitary support to an enemy force or government is a legitimate target, which makes the definition so loose as to lend an excuse for going after almost anyone. In addition, the legality of the attack is based on the legality of the target, not on who actually dies; killing any person who is not defined as a legitimate target is considered legal if their death occurs during an attack of military value.

To put it in layman's terms, if a mortar factory is contained in an apartment complex, every person living in the complex is a legal casualty if killed during an attack on the mortar factory in the basement. Notice that they are not legitimate targets, which is to say if the intent is to kill them, the attack is illegal; however, if their deaths are collateral damage, it is legal. Even if the apartment complex had no mortar factory, the attacking force could simply say the targeting systems on their weapons malfunctioned or they received the wrong target, and walk away scot-free. Sometimes, the term "terrorism" will be applied even to attacks against government forces, such as the USS Cole attack, the bombing of US barracks in Beirut, and the Oklahoma City bombing, making the term even more meaningless.

As terrorism is very hard to define properly, it is just as hard to combat properly, especially with rigid doctrines calling for no negotiation. Suicide bombers are most easily recruited from among people who feel abused or neglected, leading them to become angry and eventually radicalized, lashing out against the forces they perceive to be oppressing them (while, ironically, noted terrorist-in-chiefs have been exuberantly wealthy). Engaging terrorist groups militarily causes many deaths, thus potentially radicalizing the relatives and communities of those killed; negotiation, which unlike military engagement leaves open the possibility of some sort of redress of grievances, has been greatly underrated as a tactic in dealing with terrorists. Holding to the doctrine of "no negotiations with terrorists" makes it impossible to explore these potential opportunities (often causing more animosity from the other side), and talking doesn't even happen after the shooting. However, rewarding terrorism also has the danger of encouraging more of it.

Another problem is that — even if we only consider the kind of Islamic fundamentalism directed against the US and its allies, which has been erroneously hyped by certain pundits as synonymous with "terrorism" — "terrorists" do not constitute a unified movement, but are instead made up of a large variety of distinct and only loosely affiliated groups with their own aims. Some of them, like Al-Qaeda's leadership, pursue utopian goals that the West indeed can't possibly accommodate, but others may have more narrow and realistic aims and only cooperate with the former because of temporary convenience. Denying these distinctions and employing a "one-size-fits-all" strategy sacrifices flexibility and makes it impossible to exploit these differences.

The politics of fear
The threat of terrorism

Bush's poll ratings soared in the aftermath of the 9/11[13] and he comfortably-ish beat John Kerry in the 2004 election, partially by exploiting the politics of fear, though Kerry was more critical of the operation of the Iraq War than the fact the US invaded at all, having voted for it in the Senate in 2003.[14] Cynics have noted that styling himself as a "wartime President" produced a remarkable turnaround in fortunes for a man widely regarded as a dolt, and first elected in the most controversial and divisive of circumstances. Assuming stupidity rather than malice, a simpler explanation runs that fools often choose to meet violence with violence, and that having reflexively adopted such a confrontational posture, the "war" and its rhetoric acquired an idiot momentum of their own. Nor should it be forgotten that the attacks created a sudden policy vacuum that greatly benefited the previously unfashionable neoconservative movement. The Bush administration was clutching at straws, as it were, but found itself instead with a fistful of chickenhawk feathers.

Civil liberties were among the war on terror's first domestic casualties. Unable or unwilling to be seen as unpatriotic, Congress collectively suspended its disbelief and passed the USA PATRIOT Act six weeks after the attacks, with barely a murmur of protest.[15] Congress was similarly pliant as the executive demanded sweeping new powers and privileges in order to prosecute the "war" effectively.

Justification

A "War on Terror" created several key political advantages for the Bush Administration:

  1. Enabling an excessive level of executive powers and privileges.
  2. Showing the American people "we are really doing something."
  3. Striking fear into the heart of Americans, enabling a successful re-election.
  4. Allowing the use of the art of distraction ("watch my pretty assistant") while systematically undermining Americans' civil rights.
  5. Using the same distraction techniques to fill the government with otherwise unacceptable partisans, religious fanatics, and politically corrupt cronies.

Useful elements in a real War on Terror(ism)

Should the US Government want to really address the problem of terrorism, some tips:

  1. Create a no-fly list[16] that is actually small enough to target real potential threats, updated frequently enough not to include several of the (now dead) 9/11 hijackers, and detailed enough not to stop children as potential threats.[17] This would, of course, require actually training people and paying them enough to care, which seems to be an impossible task.
  2. Actually spend significant money on "field operations," rather than outing agents.
  3. Concentrate on known terrorist threats, including Saudi Arabia, a country that not only harbors terrorists, but funds the training of them.[18]
  4. Realize that terrorism does not grow from nothing; terrorist groups often form because of legitimate issues that need to be heard and addressed before the violence can be stopped. Working from a platform that they are terrorists "just because" or "because they are evil" or "because they hate us" will never stop the cycle of terrorism. (Or even better, facilitate conditions that ensure people don't get radicalized in the first place.)
  5. Put experts on terrorism and the Middle East into positions of access to the President and Congress. Then listen to them.
  6. Act on all terrorist activities, not just those in politically or economically advantageous areas. Can anyone say "Zimbabwe"? We knew you could.
  7. Don't elect a President whose family has been heavily financed by the United Arab Emirates and Saudi royal families.
  8. Study and implement counter-terror successes, like those used in the Philippines and later on in Northern Ireland, rather than just launching expensive wars against non-terrorist states.
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See also

References
  1. http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/HeWhoFightsMonsters
  2. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/andrew-bacevich/beyond-isis_b_8708726.html
  3. "President Bush Meets with National Security Team", Whitehouse.gov
  4. "President Declares 'Freedom at War with Fear'", Whitehouse.gov
  5. Unhappy America, The Economist, 24 July 2008.
  6. Jones, Seth G.; Libicki, Martin C. (2008). "How Terrorist Groups End: Lessons for Countering al Qa'ida". Monographs. RAND Corporation. p. xiii. ISBN 9780833044655. "Following an examination of 648 terrorist groups that existed between 1968 and 2006, we found that a transition to the political process is the most common way in which terrorist groups ended (43 percent)."
  7. Jones, Seth G.; Libicki, Martin C. (2008). "How Terrorist Groups End: Lessons for Countering al Qa'ida". Monographs. RAND Corporation. p. xiii. ISBN 9780833044655. "Against terrorist groups that cannot or will not make a transition to nonviolence, policing is likely to be the most effective strategy (40 percent)."
  8. Jones, Seth G.; Libicki, Martin C. (2008). "How Terrorist Groups End: Lessons for Countering al Qa'ida". Monographs. RAND Corporation. p. xiv. ISBN 9780833044655. "[...] in 10 percent of the cases, terrorist groups ended because their goals were achieved [...]."
  9. Jones, Seth G.; Libicki, Martin C. (2008). "How Terrorist Groups End: Lessons for Countering al Qa'ida". Monographs. RAND Corporation. p. xiv. ISBN 9780833044655. "[...] military force led to the end of terrorist groups in 7 percent of the cases."
  10. New York Times topics: Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab
  11. Scoring own goals in Pakistan, Foreign Policy
  12. WordNet definition at Princeton University
  13. Bush approval rating tracker, BBC
  14. Bavevich, Andrew J., 2010. Washington Rules - America's Path to Permanent War. New York: Metropolitan Books. P. 184. ISBN 978-0-8050-9141-0
  15. It passed in the Senate, for example, by a remarkable 98-1.
  16. Review: 'No-fly list' lacks rules, procedures, CNN
  17. 'No-fly list' grounds some unusual young suspects, The Boston Globe
  18. Saudi Arabia - Terrorist Financing Issues, Congressional Research Service
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