Motte and bailey

Motte and bailey (MAB) is a combination of bait-and-switch and equivocation in which someone switches between a "motte" (an easy-to-defend and often common-sense statement, such as "culture shapes our experiences") and a "bailey" (a hard-to-defend and more controversial statement, such as "cultural knowledge is just as valid as scientific knowledge") in order to defend a viewpoint. Someone will argue the easy-to-defend position (motte) temporarily, to ward off critics, while the less-defensible position (bailey) remains the desired belief, yet is never actually defended.

Cogito ergo sum Logic and rhetoric

Key articles

Logical fallacy Syllogism Argument

General logic

Bit Masked man fallacy Modus ponens Problem of evil Regression to the mean Relativist fallacy

Bad logic

Appeal to novelty Continuum fallacy Counterfactual fallacy Imprecision fallacy Intuition pump Logically Fallacious v - t - e

In short: instead of defending a weak position (the "bailey"), the arguer retreats to a strong position (the "motte"), while acting as though the positions are equivalent. When the motte has been accepted (or found impenetrable) by an opponent, the arguer continues to believe (and perhaps promote) the bailey.

Note that the MAB works only if the motte and the bailey are sufficiently similar (at least superficially) that one can switch between them while pretending that they are equivalent. There exist a number of common rhetorical ploys and 'sleights-of-tongue' which can mask the apparency of such a transition.

The MAB is a fallacious argument style.

Form

1. Person A asserts [Controversial Interpretation of Viewpoint X].
2. Person B critiques [Controversial Interpretation of Viewpoint X].
3. Person A asserts that they were actually defending [Common-Sense Interpretation of Viewpoint X].
4. Person B no longer has grounds to critique Person A; Person B leaves the discussion.
5. Person A claims victory and discreetly reverts to actually supporting [Controversial Interpretation of Viewpoint X].

Variation

This slight variation of the original may be particularly effective in short-form mediums such as Twitter threads and live debates.

1. Person A asserts something in a sufficiently ambiguous way that it can be interpreted either as [Controversial Interpretation of Viewpoint X] or as [Common-Sense Interpretation of Viewpoint X].
2. Person B critiques [Controversial Interpretation of Viewpoint X].
3. Person A asserts that they were actually defending [Common-Sense Interpretation of Viewpoint X].
4. Person B either leaves the discussion or complains that person A was ambiguous.
5. Person A claims victory and discreetly reverts to actually supporting [Controversial Interpretation of Viewpoint X].

Origins and explanation

The term "motte and bailey" was created by Nicholas Shackel, a British professor of philosophy. Shackel named it after the motte-and-bailey castle, in which a highly-protected stone-fortified keep (the motte) is accompanied by an enclosed courtyard protected by sharpened wooden palisades (the bailey).[1][2] Shackel used the phrase to criticize postmodernists who switch between arguing for uncontroversial statements, such as stating that culture influences a person's interpretation of the world (an easy-to-defend motte), and promoting highly controversial positions, e.g., that interpretations of the world based on religious mythology are as valid as scientific interpretations (an indefensible bailey). When the bailey (every-viewpoint-is-valid) is confronted, they often retreat to the motte (culture-shapes-our-experiences) and mock the critic for — supposedly — thinking this isn't true.

This method is an example of the "two-step", in which one repeatedly appears to concede weaker parts of an argument, then re-asserts the original claim, unaltered. The name refers to a quick and repetitious dance step. It relies on short attention span, short memories, and/or rapidly changing audience.

Examples

• People enamoured of "Objectivism" sometimes argue that the universe has always existed (to defend the atheistic view that there is no need to postulate a creation, and for other more specifically Objectivist purposes). They sometimes contend that it is a logically necessary truth that something must always have existed (bailey). But when pressed they satisfy themselves with establishing that existence is existence (A = A) (motte — and a tautology). However, this is not the necessary view apropos of atheism or, vice versa, necessary apropos of the rejection of causa prima. It is simply stated by Jean-Paul Sartre as "Existence precedes essence." Nevertheless, such a conclusion that the universe has always existed, because existence is existence, would be completely absurd.
• “Hard times create strong men. Strong men create good times. Good times create weak men. And, weak men create hard times.” This phrase uses multiple meanings of the word "strong" to make itself mean different things to different people.
  • In the first meaning, it starts with a tautology, as "strong" is synonymous with doing what is good for society. The second part, that good times create people who are selfish and lazy, is pessimistic and non-obvious, but easy enough to defend by using unfalsifiable tactics to argue that "your counterexample just hasn't been experiencing Good Times for long enough yet."
  • In the second meaning, which acts as the bailey, "strong" is treated as synonymous with "militaristic." That is, the argument is that hard times lead to a strong military, this well-defended country experiences prosperity, and then those darned pacifists come out and ruin everything. This second reading allows the phrase to act as a right-wing dog whistle. It is also clearly falsifiable by looking at all the popularity of pacifism, which is usually created not by peace, but in response to the impression of unending and futile war.
• A common strategy to allow objectionable content to remain online is to establish a Motte around censorship. "Censorship is always bad (Motte), therefore I should be allowed to post Nazi propaganda on any venue I choose (Bailey)".

Goals

By arguing the weak bailey, yet temporarily retreating to the strong motte when attacked, the arguer can claim (or pretend):

• That the arguer never admitted to being wrong about anything. Strictly, this is true — the arguer never explicitly admitted defeat.
• That the arguer has been defending the strong position the whole time.
• That the critic is a fool for not agreeing with an obviously correct statement.
• That the controversial belief is counter-intuitive yet true, since it appears unassailable.

What it is not

Clarifying one's views to exclude an incorrect, expansive interpretation is not a motte-and-bailey fallacy, provided that what you defend is a correct and intended interpretation of your earlier statements. The problem with the motte and bailey is that it represents a constantly shifting target: now easy, now hard.

See also

• Bait-and-switch
• DARVO
• Equivocation
• Fear, uncertainty and doubt
• Deepity

References

1. Shackel 2005 'The Vacuity of Postmodernist Methodology.' Metaphilosophy. Vol. 36 pp. 295-320. Available https://philpapers.org/rec/SHATVO-2. Updated here: Motte and Bailey Doctrines
2. Motte and Bailey Doctrines by Nicholas Shackel