Extended evolutionary synthesis

Extended evolutionary synthesis also known as the extended synthesis is an extension of the modern evolutionary synthesis.

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Introduction

The neo-Darwinian modern synthesis was developed in the period from 1930 to 1950 due to the reconciliation of evolution by natural selection and the incorporation of Mendelian and population genetics. It has been over 60 years and evolution today includes mechanisms and even entire new fields that were not part of the foundational structure of the modern synthesis. Some scientists have proposed that ingredients of an extended synthesis are gradually becoming visible and that the modern synthesis as it stands is incomplete and needs to be extended.[1]

In 1978 Michael JD WhiteFile:Wikipedia's W.svg attempted to extend the modern evolutionary synthesis in his book Modes of Speciation due to evidence of new processes underlying speciation.[2] Stephen Jay Gould also called for an extended synthesis in publications such as Is a New and General Theory of Evolution Emerging? (1980) and Darwinism and the Expansion of Evolutionary Theory (1982).[3] According to David JablonskiFile:Wikipedia's W.svg, Gould claimed the conventional neo-Darwinian framework consists of three fundamental ideas: natural selection working almost entirely at the level of organisms (rather than at multiple levels extending from genes to species), that selection is the exclusive shaper of evolutionary change, and that the extrapolation of minute, incremental changes can explain the entire history of life. Gould wrote all three of these ideas are in need of expansion.[4]

Phenotypic plasticity and the work of Conrad Hal Waddington on genetic assimilation has also been incorporated into the extended evolutionary synthesis.[5]

Altenberg Conference
See the main article on this topic: Altenberg 16 controversy
Click to enlarge.

In 2008 sixteen scientists met at the Konrad Lorenz Institute for Evolution and Cognition in Altenberg, Austria to discuss an extended synthesis. The group which included scientists such as Massimo Pigliucci, Eva Jablonka and Gerd B. Müller explained that there have been calls for an expansion of the synthesis framework through the integration of more recent achievements in evolutionary theory and that new approaches have opened up new theoretical horizons, with new possibilities for integration and expansion in evolutionary theory, such as Evo-devo, Niche ConstructionFile:Wikipedia's W.svg, Epigenetic InheritanceFile:Wikipedia's W.svg, and many more.[6]

The biolologist Gert KorthofFile:Wikipedia's W.svg describes the 'Extended Evolutionary Synthesis' as:

“”Neo-Darwinism plus molecular genetics (Watson & Crick, 1953). That is about 50 years ago. Furthermore, there are or probably will be included: developmental biology (evo-devo), genomics, epigenetics, ecology, symbiosis, life history, hybridization, horizontal gene transfer, systems biology, Earth System Science (including Niche Construction and Gaia), origin of life, astrobiology, sociobiology (incl. evolutionary psychology), evolution of the brain and mind (consciousness).[7]

The extended evolutionary synthesis accepts many tenets of the classical framework from the neo-Darwinian synthesis yet in certain areas extends the framework into new fields. The extended synthesis is not anti-Darwinian, it merely says that the neo-Darwinian synthesis is incomplete. Massimo Pigliucci published Evolution - the Extended Synthesis (2011) which included contributions from sixteen leading evolutionary biologists and philosophers of science.

Reception

In 1981 G. Ledyard StebbinsFile:Wikipedia's W.svg criticised the extended synthesis of Gould and others.[8] Recent scientists such as Michael J. WadeFile:Wikipedia's W.svg have been supportive of the extended evolutionary synthesis[9] whilst others such as Jerry Coyne have criticised it.[10] Pigliucci has responded to the criticism of Coyne.[11] Anya Plutynski in a review for the National Center for Science Education wrote "Anyone interested in becoming aware of both what we know now and what theoretical advances may come from this new data for evolutionary theory should take a look through Pigliucci and Müller’s superb collection.[12] The author of evolution textbooks, Douglas Futuyma [13] and Brian Charlesworth have criticized extended synthesis, and claim that the mechanisms proposed by its proponets are incapable of producing substantial, adaptive or transgenerationally inherited change. [14]

gollark: Each amino acid is represented as 3 base pairs.
gollark: With really precise magnets you could probably selectively temporarily disable or impair function of specific brain bits.
gollark: Oh, so sleep deprivation.
gollark: Presumably that depends on which parts of the brain you target the magnets at.
gollark: Something something transcranial magnetic stimulation?

References
  1. Evolution—the Extended Synthesis
  2. Heralding a New Synthesis Modes of Speciation. by M. J. D. White Review by: Dennis R. Parnell Systematic Botany , Vol. 3, No. 1 (Spring, 1978), p. 126
  3. Is a New and General Theory of Evolution Emerging? Stephen Jay Gould Paleobiology , Vol. 6, No. 1 (Winter, 1980), pp. 119-130 Online also see Darwinism and the Expansion of Evolutionary Theory Stephen Jay Gould Science , New Series, Vol. 216, No. 4544 (Apr. 23, 1982), pp. 380-387 Online
  4. A More Modern Synthesis by David Jablonski
  5. Phenotypic plasticity and evolution by genetic assimilation by Massimo Pigliucci, Courtney J. Murren and Carl D. Schlichting
  6. Toward an Extended Evolutionary Synthesis
  7. Towards The Third Evolutionary Synthesis
  8. Is a New Evolutionary Synthesis Necessary? G. Ledyard Stebbins and Francisco J. Ayala Science , New Series, Vol. 213, No. 4511 (Aug. 28, 1981), pp. 967-971 Online
  9. The Neo-Modern Synthesis: The Confluence of New Data and Explanatory Concepts Evolution—the Extended Synthesis by Massimo Pigliucci; Gerd B. Müller. Michael J. Wade, BioScience , Vol. 61, No. 5 (May 2011), pp. 407-408
  10. Are we ready for an “extended evolutionary synthesis”?
  11. Jerry Coyne and the Extended evolutionary Synthesis
  12. Evolution: The Extended Synthesis also see Full Review Online
  13. https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsfs.2016.0145
  14. https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rspb.2016.2864
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