Evolutionary developmental biology

Evolutionary developmental biology (also known as evo-devo) is a field of biology that compares the developmental processes of different organisms to determine the ancestral relationship between them, and to discover how developmental processes evolved.

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Overview

The developmental approach to evolution was excluded from the modern synthesis as it was thought that population genetics could explain evolution, whilst morphology and development were seen to play little role in modern evolutionary theory. This however has in recent years been challenged, as research has shown how developmental processes are important in evolution.[1]

According to evo-devo scientists, population genetics and the developmental genetics accounts are both required to explain evolution. Some evo-devo researchers have pointed out limitations of classic neo-Darwinism, see themselves as extending and enhancing the modern synthesis, and have also challenged certain tenets of neo-Darwinism and taken evolutionary theory beyond the boundaries of the modern synthesis.[2] Thus the field of evo-devo has been incorporated into the extended evolutionary synthesis.

Developmental biology is one of the fastest growing fields in biology, creating a framework that integrates molecular biology, physiology, cell biology, anatomy, neurobiology, immunology, ecology, and evolutionary biology.

Debunking creationism

According to evo-devo scientists, by leaving developmental biology out of the neo-Darwinian synthesis it has left evolutionary biology open to attacks by creationists. According to creationists population genetics cannot explain the origin of complex structures such as the eye, so evolution must be false. Creationists have questioned how complicated structures have emerged by a collection of random mutations.

In response to these creationist claims, Scott F. Gilbert has written:[3]

“”Once one adds development to the evolutionary synthesis, one can see how the eye can develop through induction, and that the concepts of modularity and correlated progression can readily explain such a phenomenon… Moreover, when one sees that the formation of eyes in all known phyla is based on the same signal transduction pathway, using the Pax6 gene, it is not difficult to see descent with modification forming the various types of eyes.
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References
  1. Developmental Biology. 6th edition by Scott F. Gilbert
  2. Evo-devo: extending the evolutionary synthesis by Gerd B. Müller
  3. Scott F. Gilbert Developmental Biology Sinauer Associates; 6th edition, 2000 ISBN 0878932437
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