Keyboard shortcuts
This article provides a list of (not commonly known) default keyboard shortcuts and provides information about user customization.
Standard shortcuts
Kernel (SysRq)
There are several low level shortcuts that are implemented in the kernel via the SysRq key which can be used for debugging and recovering from an unresponsive system. Whenever possible, it is recommended that you use these shortcuts instead of doing a hard shutdown (holding down the power button to completely power off the system).
See Wikipedia:Magic SysRq key for more details.
Enabling
systemd has the SysRq permissions bitmask set to 0x10 by default, which does not allow process signalling or rebooting, among other things. To allow full use of the SysRq key on your system, add kernel.sysrq = 1 to your sysctl configuration. Values greater than 1 can be used to selectively enable SysRq functions; see the Linux kernel documentation for details. If you want to make sure it will be enabled even before the partitions are mounted and in the initrd, then add sysrq_always_enabled=1 to your kernel parameters.
Note that changing the setting through these methods will cause the changes to persist across reboots. If you want to try changing the SysRq settings for just your current session, you can run either sysctl kernel.sysrq=1 or echo "1" > /proc/sys/kernel/sysrq.
There are some obvious security risks involved in fully enabling the SysRq key. In addition to forcing reboots and the like, it can be used to dump the contents of the CPU registers, which could theoretically reveal sensitive information. Since using it requires physical access to the system (unless you go out of your way), most desktop users will probably consider the level of risk acceptable. That said, make sure you fully understand the implications of enabling it and the dynamics of the larger context in which your system is operating before you turn SysRq all the way on.
Rebooting
A common idiom to remember this is "Reboot Even If System Utterly Broken" (also referred to as "REISUB"). Alternatively, think of it as "BUSIER" backwards.
| Keyboard Shortcut | Description | Code to Enable | Other Functions Enabled |
|---|---|---|---|
Alt+SysRq+r Unraw |
Take control of keyboard back from X. | 4 | Alt+SysRq+k SAK |
Alt+SysRq+e Terminate |
Send SIGTERM to all processes, allowing them to terminate gracefully. | 64 | Alt+SysRq+f OOM kill Thaw |
| Kill | Send SIGKILL to all processes, forcing them to terminate immediately. | ||
| Sync | Flush data to disk. | 16 | - |
| Unmount | Unmount and remount all filesystems read-only. | 32 | - |
Alt+SysRq+b Reboot |
Reboot | 128 | - |
For example, to selectively enable just the reboot function, set kernel.sysrq to 128. The whole set of REISUB functions can be enabled by setting it to 244, although this also enables the additional functions listed in the last column of the table. For further documentation, see the SysRq key documentation, and the kernel source file .
Killing a memory-hogging process
Alt+SysRq+f can be used to invoke the OOM (out-of-memory) killer without causing a kernel panic if nothing can be killed. The OOM killer uses a set of heuristics to pick whichever relatively non-vital process is using the most memory and kill it. This is very useful to kill a process that is softlocking your system by causing excessive thrashing, such as a runaway browser script, and can alleviate the need for a reboot in many cases. Note that the OOM killer can target a wide variety of processes despite its well-meaning heuristics and can be somewhat unpredictable, so be careful about calling it casually.
Troubleshooting
- If you are using a display manager and after
Alt+SysRq+eyou are presented with the login screen (or full desktop if autologin is enabled), it is most likely caused by directive in the relevant service file. If necessary, edit the unit, however this should not prevent the "REISUB" sequence from working. - If all the above combinations work except
Alt+SysRq+b, try using the contralateral key. - On laptops that use key to differentiate
SysRqfrom , it may not actually be necessary to use the key (i.e., could work). - On Lenovo laptops
SysRqis often configured as . To use it press and hold then press , release and still holding followed by the keys above. - You may need to press
Ctrlalong with . So for example, full key shortcut would beCtrl+Alt+SysRq+b.
Linux console
Xorg and Wayland
| Keyboard Shortcut | Description | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| , , , ... | Switch to n-th virtual console | If it does not work, try . |
| |
Paste text from the PRIMARY buffer | By default, Qt maps to CLIPBOARD instead of the PRIMARY buffer (see e.g. ) and is mapped to the PRIMARY buffer. |
Customization
Readline
Readline is a commonly used library for line-editing; it is used for example by Bash, FTP, and many more (see the details of package under "Required By" for more examples). It has Emacs-like and vi-like editing modes which can be customized with escape sequences. Default key bindings are listed in and the Info documentation.
Xorg
See Xorg/Keyboard configuration#Frequently used XKB options for some common shortcuts, that are disabled by default.
When we are in a graphical environment we may want to execute a command when certain key combination is pressed (i.e. bind a command to a keysym). There are multiple ways to do that:
- The most portable way using low level tools, such as acpid. Not all keys are supported, but configuration in uniform way is possible for keyboard keys, power adapter connection and even headphone jack (un)plugging events. It is also difficult to run programs inside X session correctly.
- The universal way using Xorg utilities (e.g. xbindkeys) and eventually your desktop environment or window manager tools.
- The quicker way using a third-party program to do everything in GUI, such as the Gnome Control Center.
sxhkd
A simple X hotkey daemon with a powerful and compact configuration syntax. See sxhkd for details.
actkbd
From actkbd home page:
- actkbdAUR (available in AUR) is a simple daemon that binds actions to keyboard events. It recognises key combinations and can handle press, repeat and release events. Currently it only supports the linux-2.6 evdev interface. It uses a plain-text configuration file which contains all the bindings.
A sample configuration and guide is available here.
xbindkeys
xbindkeys allows advanced mapping of keysyms to actions independently of the Desktop Environment.
Desktop environments
Window managers
Key binding for X-selection-paste
Users who prefer to work with the keyboard rather than the mouse may benefit from a key binding to the paste operation of the middle mouse button. This is especially useful in a keyboard-centered environment. A workflow example is:
- In Firefox, select a string you want to web-search for (with the mouse).
- Hit to enter the "search engine" field.
- Hit to paste the buffer, instead of moving the mouse pointer to the field and middle-click to paste.
Shift+Insert has a similar yet different functionality, see #Xorg: Shift+Insert inserts the clipboard buffer, not the x-selection-paste buffer. In some applications, these two buffers are mirrored.The method suggested here uses the following three packages::
- to give access to the x-selection-buffer content.
- Xbindkeys to bind a key-stroke to an action.
- to pass the buffer string to the application by emulating keyboard input.
This example binds the x-selection-paste operation to the key:
The code prefixes a 100 ms pause to inserting the selection buffer (see the xvkbd home page).
-xsendevent argument to xvkbd.The key codes for keys other than can be determined using .
References:
XMonad Window Manager
In the window manager there is a built-in function to paste the x-selection-buffer content. In order to bind that function to a key-stroke (here key) the following configuration can be used: