Story Structure Architect


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    Story Structure Architect: A Writer's Guide to Building Dramatic Situations and Compelling Characters, by Victoria Lynn Schmidt (also author of 45 Master Characters), categorizes stories into 55 Dramatic Situations, as well as giving some detail on genres, storyforms, and the possible forms of conflict in a story. Here is a summary of Schmidt's ideas:

    Five Dramatic Throughlines

    According to Schmidt, the main character's goal can end in any of the following ways:

    That last one applies to games and interactive fiction of various sorts. However, it doesn't apply to all games, since the more linear games have the goal already set out for you, and the only variation is whether or not you succeed (or abandon the game).

    Schmidt also notes that a character might start with one goal, abandon it, then find a new goal and see it through to completion - so it's okay to mix these up a little. For example, the character might begin without any real goal, then find a goal, fail at it, abandon the goal, find a new goal, and succeed.

    Six Types of Conflict

    Say that Bob wants to go on a date with Alice. Here are six ways to make it difficult for him:

    • Relational Conflict (Mutually Exclusive Goals)
    • Social Conflict
      • Bob is Jewish and Alice is Muslim. Their parents would never approve.
      • Or, class warfare: Bob's a bum and Alice is rolling in the millions.
    • Situational Conflict
      • Bob was all set to confess his love to Alice when Alice got kidnapped.
      • Or, there's a tornado come to town, and there's no time to think what with all the running for cover.
    • Inner Conflict
    • Paranormal Conflict (supernatural or cybernetic, etc.)
      • Bob is chasing Alice through a virtual reality world that keeps changing and disorienting him.
      • Or, Alice is a robot, and Bob is debating the morality of programming her to like him.
    • Cosmic Conflict (fate, destiny, or God)
      • Bob saw the future, where he dies sad and alone, and he's desperately trying to change that.
      • Or, Bob seems plagued by bad luck, and he believes it's because he ran over Alice's dog and never owned up to it.

    Schmidt puts Social Conflict at the end, but it seems more useful to compare it to Relational and Situational.

    Also, I'm not entirely sure that those examples are appropriate for the categories I've listed them in.

    Twenty-One Genres

    Schmidt offers the following genres, some cut into even finer categories:

    • Action
    • Adventure
    • Children
    • Comedy
    • Creative Nonfiction
    • Crime
    • Diary / Journal
    • Drama
    • Fantasy
    • Historical / Epic
    • Horror
    • Inspirational
    • Musical
    • Mystery
    • Suspense / Thriller
    • Gothic
    • Political
    • Persuasive
    • Romance
    • Science Fiction
    • Western

    Eleven Master Structures

    Schmidt goes into great detail on these. You know the three-act action illustration that looks like an upside-down checkmark, with the high point at the climax in the third act? Each Master Structure here has its own form of that illustration, and they are quite distinct from each other. Get the book from the library for that alone.

    According to Schmidt, the first six structures are more traditional (three-act structures), while the next two are "based on structure content rather than structure design" and vary in how they're developed. The last three "are somewhat anti-structure in design."

    1. Roller Coaster
    2. Replay
    3. Fate
    4. Parallel
    5. Episodic
    6. Melodrama
    7. Romance
    8. Journey
    9. Interactive Fiction
    10. Metafiction
    11. Slice of Life

    Fifty-Five Dramatic Situations

    Starting with Georges Polti's Thirty Six Dramatic Situations, Schmidt combined a few of the overlapping situations (e.g., Rivalry of Kinsman and Rivalry of Superior and Inferior got stuck in the same Competition category). Then she:

    was able to see that the original thirty-six situations were very masculine and somewhat violent in nature as well as very plot driven... with this in mind, I decided to put on my "feminine glasses" and take another look at these situations. It became clear to me that there was a feminine, nonviolent, more character-driven side to each situation that hadn't been explored.

    Hence, she took each of the categories, gave it a flip side, and thus ended up with the following list. Each entry has a specific set of necessary characters and goes into detail on the three-act structure and the various ways in which conflict can occur.

    Supplication and Benefaction

    Deliverance and Sojourn

    Vengeance for a Crime and Rehabilitation

    Vengeance Taken for Kindred Upon Kindred and Appearance of a New Kinsman

    Flight and Pursuit

    Disaster and Miracle

    Falling Prey to Cruelty or Misfortune and Becoming Fortunate

    Revolt and Support

    Daring Enterprise and The Healing Journey

    Abduction and Reunion

    Enigma and Invention

    Obtaining and Letting Go

    Enmity of Kinsman and Hero to Kinsman

    Competition and Concession

    Adultery and Fidelity

    Madness and Genius

    Imprudence and Caution

    Crimes of Love and Sacrifice for Love

    Slaying of Loved One and Conviction

    Self-Sacrifice and Self-Preservation

    Discovery of Dishonor of Loved One and Discovery of Honor of Loved One

    Obstacles to Love and Unconditional Love

    Conflict with a God and Supernatural Occurrence

    Mistaken Judgment and Intuitive Judgment

    Remorse and Empathy

    Loss of a Loved One and Rescue of a Loved One

    Odd Couple and Fish Out of Water

    Blank Situation Template

    This last one is Schmidt's concession to the understanding that she, like Polti, probably didn't collect the definitive set of dramatic situations that can never be added to. She encourages writers to use the Blank Situation Template if they are very certain that they can't use one of the other Dramatic Situations for their story.


    This is a summary of Story Structure Architect by Victoria Lynn Schmidt; published by Writer's Digest Books (www.writersdigest.com), 2005.

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