False Crucible

The protagonist is put through a grueling test of character, but it was all a set up. There was never any real danger.

For example, a mentor arranges for a girl to try seducing the married hero. If he says "no", the obvious right choice, he's told he passed. If he says "yes", he's failed and the girl doesn't sleep with him. ("Danger," clearly, is in the eye of the beholder.)

Speculative Fiction would use magical illusions or virtual reality to trick the character. The mentor might even shapeshift.

Sub-types:

• Hidden Purpose Test - the protagonists know they're being tested, but not the true purpose of the test.
• Secret Test - the protagonist doesn't even know they're being tested.
  • Secret Test of Character - when the secret test is of their moral fibre.
  • Training Accident (military) and
  • The Game Never Stopped (civilian) - the protagonists think the fake test has ended. It hasn't.
• Candid Camera Prank - The protagonist is placed in an unusual or frightening situation to see how they'll react, with the result being filmed for entertainment purposes.
• Unwinnable Training Simulation - the protagonists know they're being tested, but they can't win

Examples that don't fit any subtype above. Please feel free to put any of these on YKTTW.

Person/people being tested originally knew they were being tested, but for some reason don't remember it during the test.

Literature

• Alan E. Nourse's short story Nightmare Brother. A man undergoes a series of nightmarish encounters with deadly opponents, including incredible pain. At the end it's revealed that the whole situation was a virtual reality hallucination to train him to deal with aliens who drive anyone who meets them insane. The test lasts the entire story and the protagonist doesn't know the test is going on while it's occurring - his memories were mostly suppressed while the testing was going on.
• In an Isaac Asimov's story Ideas Die Hard, three men think they are being sent to the moon. They are informed that every probe that circles to the dark side of the moon vanishes. They get increasingly paranoid and neurotic, then snap when they see that the dark side of the moon is a wood-and-canvas stage prop. Having their image of the universe shattered, they undergo nervous breakdowns. It turns out that the entire trip was a simulation and they didn't have the budget to make anything appropriate for the dark side simulation. The crew is still sent to the squirrel farm, and the guys running the project are very nervous.
• The short story The New Prime has five seemingly unrelated plots with different characters on different worlds, each facing a situation that in one way or another tests their character. The sixth ties it together--The King of All Cosmos has been challenged as unworthy, and created the tests to show that he has the necessary skills for the job in greater sum than his opponents. With his memories wiped, he passed each test, but fails anyway, because the judges realize none of his tests dealt with traits like compassion. Instead, they give the title to a fellow who failed all but one test through unsuccessful attempts to resolve conflicts without violence.

Live-Action TV

• The Twilight Zone TOS episode "Where is Everybody?". A man suddenly finds himself walking down a road, with no idea of who he is or what he's doing there. The Karmic Twist Ending is that he's a U.S. Air Force officer taking part in an experiment to determine if he could handle being alone in space on a trip to the Moon. He finally started to hallucinate due to the isolation.

Secret Training - unlike testing, the idea is not to find out what the subject is capable of, but to teach them a lesson.

Anime and Manga

• Inu no Taisho did a very long-term version of this in Inuyasha when he presented his son Sesshoumaru with Tenseiga instead of the powerful weapon that Sesshoumaru wanted. Sesshoumaru spends upwards of fifty years claiming he has no use for a sword that can't kill anyone, but when his anger and sorrow over Kagura's death prompts Tenseiga to gain the capability to be used as a weapon, he learns that his father gave him Tenseiga in order for him to learn to feel compassion for others.

Literature

• David R. Palmer's novel Threshold. A man is forced to travel across the surface of an alien planet to rescue his girlfriend, learning various psionic abilities in the process. At the end, he learns that the whole situation was a set up to make him learn the abilities.
  • Kind of a subversion. The man really is being continually exposed to life threatening danger (the testers can set up the threats, but can't really stop them in time and are counting on being able to clone the man if necessary), he utterly fails to learn the critical abilities (his girlfriend casually teaches him the psionic stuff before leaving Earth, but the prerequisite for magic is unteachable) until the test is over and the testers decide to kill him off and try the clone plan, and it turns out that the whole year or so spent in transit (it's a very large planet) could have been avoided... this "training technique" doesn't work correctly with the human psyche (their difficulty with successfully manipulating humans was why they were recruiting him in the first place) and being homicidal jerkasses to his face turns out to be the key to unlocking his potential to use magic. Their species needs hopelessness and comatose depression, humans need homicidal rage.
• Greg Egan's Permutation City: the protagonist repeatedly attempts to download his intelligence into a computer, but the downloaded intelligence always kills itself, so he (the original, human one) brainwashes himself to believe he's one of the downloaded copies, to get a better appreciation of what it's like for them.
• Agatha Christie wrote a series of stories around Mr. Parker Pyne, an expert on human nature who advertised that he could make anybody happy for a fee. Many of his clients, after forking over the fee, found themselves involved in unusual and sometimes dangerous events that, unbeknownst to them, were staged by Parker Pyne in order to supply the experience or mental outlook that would help them to find happiness.
• In a Whateley Universe story, Team Kimba is sent into a sim run where almost all of them end up getting killed. The point was to teach them the lesson 'You can't always win, and you need to stop thinking that you're indestructible' but they ended up taking away the lesson 'As long as you have the right intel, you can always win'.

Western Animation

• In The Pagemaster, Richard learns that everything he went through was a test to get him to face his fears.
• Played for laughs in The Simpsons episode "Homer The Great", during Homer's initiation to the Stonecutters. Homer's trials include repeated paddlings and a blindfolded leap of faith that's 2 feet high.