Toronto Railway Company

The Toronto Railway Company (TRC) was the operator of the streetcar system in Toronto between 1891 and 1921. It electrified the horsecar system it inherited from the Toronto Street Railway, the previous operator of streetcar service in Toronto. The TRC was also a manufacturer of streetcars and rail work vehicles, a few of which were built for other streetcar and radial operators.

Toronto Railway Company
Single-truck open car on Dovercourt route, 1899
Overview
HeadquartersToronto
LocaleToronto
Dates of operation1891–1921
PredecessorToronto Street Railway
SuccessorToronto Transportation Commission
Technical
Track gauge4 ft 10 7⁄8 in (1,495 mm) Toronto gauge

On August 15, 1892, the TRC became the second operator of horseless streetcars in the Toronto area to convert to electric trams, the first being the Metropolitan Street Railway which electrified its horsecar line along Yonge Street within the Town of North Toronto on September 1, 1890. (In 1912, the City of Toronto would annex North Toronto.)[1]

History
TRC streetcars on King Street in 1900

In 1891, the 30 year franchise with the Toronto Street Railway (TSR) for horsecar service expired. At the end of the TSR franchise, the City ran the horsecar system for eight months, but ended up granting another 30-year franchise to a private operator, a group involving railway entrepreneur William Mackenzie. The franchise, which involved converting the horsecar system to electric operation, went into effect on September 21, 1891.[2]:11

The TRC made a one-time payment to the City of $1,453,788 for the assets of the TSR, the same amount the City paid for TSR assets when it took over the horsecar system in 1891.[3] Each year, the TRC was required to pay the City $800 per mile of track, plus a percentage of the gross earnings.[4]:16

Fares were: 5 cents cash for adults, 6 tickets for 25 cents; 3 cents cash for children with school tickets at 10 for 25 cents; 10 cents cash for night streetcars. The fare entitled the rider to a free transfer between routes.[4]:16

A key requirement of the franchise agreement was that the TRC had to electrify the first line within one year of the beginning of the franchise and the last within three years. The TRC met this requirement. The first electric car ran on Church Street starting August 15, 1892, and the last horse car ran on McCaul Street on August 31, 1894. The TRC learnt from the troubled experiences of the Metropolitan Street Railway in North Toronto which had done a horse to electric conversion; the TRC replaced all the horsecar track using heavier rail to support the faster, heavier electric streetcars.[4]:16,18

From 1893 to 1904, the TRC had suburban radial operations, often using vehicles resembling streetcars. In 1893, the TRC took control of the Toronto and Mimico Electric Railway and Light Company along Lake Shore Road, and in 1895, the Toronto and Scarboro' Electric Railway, Light and Power Company along Kingston Road. In 1904, both suburban operations were turned over to the Toronto and York Radial Railway, thus ending the TRC's suburban operations.[4]:142–143

Map of Toronto streetcar routes in 1912

On May 23, 1897, Sunday streetcar service started after city voters gave approval in a referendum earlier that month. This was controversial at the time; churches feared Sunday streetcar service would lead to other activities inappropriate for a Sunday such as sporting events and the sale of alcoholic beverages. The referendum, which had been preceded by two prior unsuccessful attempts, was won by a narrow margin of 0.7 per cent out of 32,000 votes cast.[5]

There came to be problems with interpretation of the franchise terms, for the city. A series of annexations, especially in 1908–12, significantly extended the city limits to include such areas as Dovercourt, Earlscourt, East Toronto, Midway (formerly between Toronto and East Toronto), North Toronto, and West Toronto. After many attempts to force the TRC to serve these areas, the city created its own street railway operation, the Toronto Civic Railways to do so, and built several routes.[6]:1,4

The TRC system deteriorated towards the end of the franchise. By 1915, there were complaints of overcrowding due to a shortage of streetcars. In December 1916, a fire destroyed the TRC's King carhouse and 163 motor cars and trailers within it. Repeated court battles did force the TRC to build new cars, but far less than what the City was requesting, and the new cars were of an old design dating from 1906, or 1908 for the newest cars. Streetcars and track were not well maintained, and carhouses and shops were obsolete or deteriorating. The TRC franchise ended on August 31, 1921, and the next day, the Toronto Transportation Commission started operating a system that combined the TRC system with the city-operated Toronto Civic Railways lines. In 1924, the City paid $11,483,500 for the assets of the TRC. The TRC ceased to exist when it was legally dissolved in 1930.[4]:32–33

Routes

Routes marked to TTC were operating on September 21, 1921, when the Toronto Railway Company's operations were taken over by the Toronto Transportation Commission.[4]:39–45

Route Started Ended Notes
Arthur 1902-02-12 February 12, 1902 1909-00-00 1909 merged with "Dundas"
Ashbridge 1917-11-05 November 5, 1917 to TTC replaced by bus service in the 1920s.[7]
Avenue Road 1895-19-02 September 2, 1895 to TTC
Bathurst 1885-07-27 July 27, 1885 to TTC
Belt Line 1891-11-16 November 16, 1891 to TTC
Bloor 1889-00-00 1889 to TTC
Broadview 1892-10-00 October 1892 to TTC
Brockton 1882-00-00 1882 1893-10-09 October 9, 1893 renamed "Dundas"
Carlton 1886-08-00 August 1886 to TTC
Church 1881-00-00 1881 to TTC
College 1893-11-00 November 1893 to TTC
Danforth 1889-05-00 May 1889 1892-10-00 October 1892 renamed "Broadview"
Davenport 1892-12-00 December 1892 1891-11-00 November 1891 replaced by "Bathurst", "Parliament" and "Winchester"
Dovercourt 1888-11-00 November 1888 to TTC
Dufferin 1889-00-00 1889 1891-09-30 September 30, 1891 merged with "Danforth"
Dundas 1893-10-09 October 9, 1893 to TTC
Dupont 1906-08-29 August 29, 1906 to TTC
Harbord 1911-08-29 August 29, 1911 to TTC
High Park 1886-00-00 1886 1905-00-00 1905
King 1874-00-00 1874 to TTC
Lee Avenue 1889-0—00 1889 1893-05-15 May 15, 1893 merged into "King"
McCaul 1883-10-00 October 1883 1896-01-01 January 1, 1896 replaced by "Bloor"
Parkdale 1880-00-00 1880 1886-00-00 1886 renamed "High Park"
Parliament 1881-00-00 1881 1918-03-04 March 4, 1918 merged into "Queen"
Queen 1861-12-02 December 2, 1861 to TTC
Queen East 1882-00-00 1882 1891-10-16 October 16, 1891 merged with "Danforth"
Roncesvalles 1909-00-00 1909 1911-12-20 December 20, 1911 replaced by "Queen"
Seaton Village 1885-07-27 July 27, 1885 1891-10-23 October 23, 1891 replaced by "Davenport", "Parliament" and "Winchester"
Sherbourne 1874-11-00 November 1874 1891-11-16 November 16, 1891 merged into "Belt Line"
Spadina 1878-00-00 1878 1891-11-16 November 16, 1891 merged into "Belt Line"
Winchester 1874-11-00 November 1874 to TTC
Woodbine 1887-05-00 May 1887 1893-04-04 April 4, 1893 replaced by "King"
Yonge 1861-09-11 September 11, 1861 to TTC
York 1891-10-00 1891-12-31 in operation in October 1891 and discontinued prior to December 31, 1891

City-owned tracks

The City built and owned some of the streetcar trackage operated by the TRC. The City-owned, TRC-operated tracks were:[4]:30

  • Queen Street East between Maclean Avenue and Neville Park Boulevard.
  • The portion of the Yonge streetcar line between the CPR line and Woodlawn Avenue built in 1916, to replace Metropolitan radial tracks that the City ripped up over a franchise dispute.
  • A private right-of-way from Bathurst and Front streets through Fort York to the Exhibition Place, built in 1916.
  • The Ashbridge line in 1917, running south from Queen Street via Don Roadway, then west on Commissioners Street to Charry Street, to serve workers at munitions factories: Unlike other routes at the time, the Ashbridge line had no loops or wyes, and required double-ended streetcars.
  • Tracks over the Prince Edward Viaduct between Sherbourne Street and Broadview Avenue, in 1918.

Subway

By 1909, there were proposals to build subways in competition to the TRC's surface streetcar lines. At this time the City was unhappy with the quality of TRC service and with the TRC's refusal to serve newly annexed areas. The TRC had an exclusive franchise for surface streetcars but competing subways would not violate the franchise.[8]

In 1909, a British syndicate proposed two lines, one under Yonge Street and a second from East Toronto via Queen Street East, Dufferin Street and Dundas Street West to West Toronto. Voters supported this proposal in a referendum during the 1910 election, but also elected a mayor who opposed it. Thus, this proposal died.[8]

By 1912, there was a second City proposal to build three underground routes: streetcar tunnels under Queen and Bloor Streets, and a rapid transit subway along Yonge Street. These routes would have connected with surface streetcar routes and radial railways. The idea died after voters rejected the proposal out of fear of higher taxes.[8]

Roster
TRC single-truck streetcar
TRC double-truck streetcar

As part of the franchise agreement, the TRC was to build all its streetcars locally. Thus, almost all TRC cars were built in-house at their car shops at Front and Frederick Streets. However, the TRC felt it lacked the capacity to build enough streetcars to convert the horsecar system it inherited to electrical operation by the City-imposed deadline. Thus, the City granted the TRC an exception to purchase 10 single-ended, single-truck streetcars from James Crossen-Cobourg Car Works in Cobourg, Ontario in 1893.[4]:16

The TRC streetcars were made of wood over a steel underframe. Cars had a clerestory roof with a destination sign fixed near the front edge of the roof. Seats were wood slat but the TRC provided each with a seating cushion. There was a stove at the front of the car for winter heating. Early streetcars had open platforms; later cars had enclosed vestibules. The rear vestibule could have a single or double rear door. Cars with a double rear door could haul a trailer and had a two-man crew. One-man cars had a treadle-operated single rear door. There was a hook at the rear of each car to hang a baby carriage.[2]:20–24

At first, TRC streetcars had hand brakes, but in 1905, a Torontonian developed an air brake for streetcars. Initially, streetcars did not carry an air compressor; thus, air recharging stations were required along streetcar routes. Later, on-board air compressors were installed.[2]:20–24

Because of a narrow devilstrip (distance between tracks), later cars were built with a taper to the roof on the passing side, and car bodies were offset to the right by four inches. The idea was to build a wider car and still safely pass another car traveling in the opposite direction.

After the TRC completed electrification, some horsecars were converted into trailers where one or two would be hauled by a motor car. However, horsecar trailers were found to be unsuited for the higher speed of electric streetcar operation.[3][2]:21

Very early on, in 1894 the TRC decided on single-ended operation. Many of the early streetcars were "open" cars, where there was benches across the width of the car and thus no centre aisle. Passengers had to board on the curb-side of the open car, and for safety, there had to be a barrier along the length of the car on the opposite side. Before the summer of 1893, there were double-ended open cars, which required two men to move the barrier to the other side of the car at the end of the line. Some open cars had one-man crews, requiring a helper to be stationed at the end of the line. Having single-ended cars with loops or wyes saved staff time. Also, both open and closed motor cars could pull one or two trailers; thus, single-ended operation eliminated the time needed to rearrange the consist at the end of the line.[4]:18

Open cars were popular in warm weather. When it rained, there were side curtains that one could unroll from the roof to keep one dry. However, the motorman would stand exposed to wind and rain on the front platform. To handle both warm and colder months, the TSR used the "convertible car" in which the nearside of the car could be removed in the spring, and re-connected in the fall, thus changing from an open car to a closed car. A dangerous feature of open cars was the running board where passengers could stand while the car was in motion. Because of safety concerns, the Railway and Municipal Board banned open cars from the streets on November 22, 1915.[2]:20–24

At the end of its franchise in 1921, the TRC had 830 streetcars on its active roster, that the City agreed to accept along with a number of work cars. It also had 18 open motors and 43 open trailers in storage which the City refused to accept due to the 1915 ban on open streetcars.[4]:100 In 1921, the TRC had 12 double-ended streetcars, 3 double-truck and 9 single-truck; all other streetcars were single-ended. Two of the 10 Crossan-built, single-truck streetcars survived to 1921. Between 1921 and 1924, the TTC retired 471 of the 830 streetcars the City accepted from the TRC, including the double-ended and Crossan-built streetcars. It retained only 351 single-end, double-track motor cars for longer term use, the last of which were retired in 1951. The TTC did retain one horsecar trailer and a single-ended streetcar from 1892, preserving them as relics ultimately to be given to a museum.[9]:156–157

Roster summaries

The following are summaries of the TRC roster at four points during its franchise:[4]:100

  • Summary of roster
    as of January 27, 1897
    TypeClosedOpenTotal
    Motor cars 177 60 237
    Trailers 100 77 177
    Total units 237 177 414
  • Summary of roster
    as of December 31, 1904
    TypeClosedOpenTotal
    DT motor cars 91 20 111
    ST motor cars 243 195 438
    Trailers 73 93 166
    Totals 407 308 715
  • Summary of roster
    as of August 8, 1907
    TypeClosedOpenTotal
    Motor cars 401 209 610
    Trailers 75 93 168
    Totals 476 302 778
  • Summary of roster
    as of August 31, 1921
    DT motorST motorTrailerTotal
    475 234 121 830

Work cars
TTC W-8 and W-4 (ex-TRC construction cars 8 and 4) at Hillcrest, 1965

The TRC had several types of work cars, all built in the TRC car shops. Here is a brief description of some of the types of non-revenue cars the TRC had:[4]:101–108

  • Construction cars were single-ended, double-truck motorized flat cars with an enclosed operator cab used to deliver rails to carhouses and yards. The TTC inherited four of them (numbers 2, 4, 7, 8) keeping their TRC numbers but prefixing them with a "W-". Today, W-4 is preserved at the Halton County Radial Railway museum.[9]:163
  • Crane car no. 1, built in 1913, was a flat motor with a cab and a 5-ton hoist crane. It supported construction projects. Becoming TTC C-1, the crane car is today at the Halton County Radial Railway museum.[9]:163
  • Supply car no. 3, built in 1913, delivered motors and wheels between the motor shops and carhouses. It was essentially a flat motor with cab and an open cargo section behind the cab lined with low side walls.
  • Emergency car no. 5 was a single-truck, box motor, and carried a variety of tools to handle emergency tasks. The TTC retained this car until 1933.
  • Compressor cars no. 1 and no. 2 were mobile air recharging stations for streetcars before they were equipped with their own on-board air compressors. Both were box motors; no. 1 had a single truck; no. 2 was double-truck. No. 2 had a varied career with the TTC; it was converted into an express freight motor for the Lake Simcoe line in 1927, then as snow plow TP-2 in 1936, then as subway rail maintenance car RT-1 for the Yonge subway.
  • The TRC's private car was built in 1892 on a single truck car then rebuilt as a double-truck car in 1904. It had 12 chairs, carpeting, window curtains, hardwood trim, and curved windows at the front vestibule. It carried officials for inspections and special events, including trips to Old Woodbine Race Course where the TRC had a streetcar siding into the grounds. From 1912, its use declined with increased use of automobiles. The City reluctantly accepted this car at the end of the TRC franchise, but the TTC stored it unused until it was scrapped in 1931.
  • Fare box car no. 28, built in 1911, somewhat resembled a passenger car, but had a freight door in the middle. It collected and distributed fare boxes, and delivered tickets and change to the carhouses. The TTC retained this car but replaced it in 1938 with an armoured car.
  • The TRC built 17 snow sweepers between 1892 and !918. The TTC inherited all 17 prefixing their TRC numbers with "S-", thus S-1 to S-17. All were scrapped between 1946 and 1948.[9]:166
  • The TRC built 8 sprinkler cars between 1892 and 1909. Sprinklers 1 to 3 had a vertical water tank on a single-truck frame. Sprinklers 4 to 8 had horizontal tanks on a double-track frame. All such cars had operator controls on an open front platform. The TRC had a contract from the City between 1892 and 1915 to flush streets along streetcar lines. In 1915, the City started to use rubber-tire trucks.
  • Sprinkler car with upright water tank
  • Crane car no. 1 placing rails at Queen and Bond streets (April 29, 1917)
  • TTC (ex-TRC) fare box car 28
  • Ex-TRC snow sweepers

Streetcar sales
Radial car 58 built by TRC in 1906 for T&YRR[9]:160

The TRC sold a small percentage of the streetcars it built to other operators. The TRC had a subsidiary company, the Convertible Car Company of Toronto, that built cars for systems in Mexico, South America, and Western Canada. Some sales were for used streetcars that had ran in Toronto.[4]:109 Here is a partial list of sales:

  • Several large radial (interurban) cars were built for the Toronto and York Radial Railway.[4]:109
  • Between 1897 and 1904, the TRC sold eight batches of double-ended, single-truck streetcars to the Winnipeg Electric Street Railway Company. The sales totaled 38 closed and 4 open cars.[10]:172
  • The TRC built 6 new single-ended, double-truck streetcars for the Monterrey Railway, Light & Power Co. in Mexico. These had only a centre door on each side of the car.[11]
  • In 1907 and 1908, the TRC sold 14 single-truck open cars to Monterrey. These cars were part of a group of 24 cars built in 1894 as doubled-ended cars before the TRC decided on single-ended operation. The Toronto Suburban Railway also bought one of these cars. These were used-car sales.[4]:52

About that time, the Toronto and York Radial Railway, the Toronto Suburban Railway and the Winnipeg Electric Street Railway Company were all affiliated with the owners of the Toronto Railway Company.[9]:9[10]:17 According to a source, the Monterrey Railway, Light & Power Co. was founded in Toronto.[11]

Preservation

The following is a list of preserved TRC passenger and work cars. All except car 327 were built by the TRC, and all were used by the TTC.[9]:156,157,163,164

Car no. Car type Year built Year retired Description
306 single-ended, single-truck streetcar 1892 1921 preserved at Canada Science and Technology Museum
327 single-ended, single-truck open streetcar 1933 1967 replica using truck and parts from the original 327 built in 1892,[12] preserved at Halton County Radial Railway
1326 single-ended, double-truck streetcar 1910 1951 preserved at Halton County Radial Railway
1704 single-ended, single-truck streetcar 1913 1924 currently unrestored as rail grinder W-25, preserved at Halton County Radial Railway
1706 single-ended, single-truck streetcar 1913 1924 preserved at Shore Line Trolley Museum
C-1 crane 1911 1968 preserved at Halton County Radial Railway
W-4 flat motor, TRC construction car 4 1904 1972 preserved at Halton County Radial Railway

Carhouses

In all, the TRC had seven carhouses, although no more than six at any one time. They are listed here alphabetically by name:[4]:111–130

Carhouses
Carhouse Location Opened Notes
Dundas Carhouse Dundas Street West and Howard Park Avenue 1897 The carhouse was expanded in 1901 towards Richee Avenue, and again on the Howard Park side in 1904. In 1914, 144 streetcars and 20 trailers operated out of Dundas. Under TTC ownership, Dundas ceased as a division in 1931 and was partly demolished; it was fully demolished after it ceased to be a trailer yard in 1938.
King Carhouse King Street East and St. Lawrence Street, SE corner 1887 The TRC converted the Toronto Street Railway's King stables into a carhouse which underwent several expansions and modifications up to 1912. In 1904, the carhouse stored 395 of the TRC's 765 streetcars and trailers. The carhouse had 2 storeys; the second floor stored trailers and had a transfer table to access tracks from an elevator. There was a storage yard on the south side of the carhouse. The carhouse suffered from fire twice, first in March 1912 and again on December 28, 1916, Some storage tracks were relaid but were removed by 1920.[4] Today the condo complex at 45 St. Lawrence Street occupies the site.[13]
Lansdowne Carhouse Patton & Lansdowne avenues, NW corner 1911 The carhouse had 10 storage and 2 repair tracks accommodating 108 streetcars plus 12 yard tracks for 132 cars. The TTC acquired the facility in 1921[4], made it a joint trolley bus garage and carhouse in 1947 and ended streetcar storage there in 1967. The facility was abandoned after 1996 and demolished in 2003.[14]
Roncesvalles Carhouse Roncesvalles Avenue and Queen Street West, NW corner 1895 The TRC carhouse faced Roncesvalles Avenue and contained 15 interior tracks with 12 exterior tracks on the north side of the carhouse, all stub tracks oriented east-west. In 1923, the TTC demolished the TRC building and constructed a new carhouse building with tracks oriented north-south.
Russell Carhouse Connaught Avenue and Queen Street East 1913 The TRC built the Russell facility as a paint shop with 6 tracks. After the King Carhouse burnt down at the end of 1916, Russell was converted into a full carhouse with the paint line using only one carhouse track. Due to cracked foundations, the TTC rebuilt the carhouse in 1924.
Scarboro Beach Carhouse Queen Street East & Maclean Avenue, SW corner 1920 To partly replace storage tracks at the burnt-out King Carhouse, the TRC built the 4-track frame building to handle routine maintenance. Its capacity was 20 small or 16 large streetcars. The TTC chose not to operate the facility, but stored obsolete open cars and trailers there. The property was put up for sale in 1928.
Yorkville Carhouse between Yorkville Avenue & Scollard Street west of Yonge Street 1892 In 1892, the TRC demolished the TSR's Yorkville stables (1861) in order to build a 9-track carhouse holding 44 streetcars. In 1899, the TRC added a shed along Scollard Avenue to hold 31 streetcars. Later a 24-car outdoor storage yard was added. In 1922, the TTC closed the carhouse;[4] it was later demolished and is now site of a condominium and Townhall Square Park.

Other facilities

The TRC had several facilities near the intersection of Front and Frederick streets. Many of these facilities were inherited from the Toronto Street Railway (TSR), and the TRC repurposed them for the electric streetcar system. In 1924, the TTC moved some functions from the facilities in this area to the then-new Hillcrest Complex. The following is a list of facilities in the Front and Frederick area:[4]:111–130

Other facilities
Facility Location Opened Notes
Car shops Front & Frederick streets, NE corner 1882 The TRC inherited the 3-storey car shop building from the Toronto Street Railway, and upgraded it to handle heavier electric streetcars. The upgrades included a new hoist to move cars between street level and the upper floors. All but 10 of the TRC's streetcars were built here. A streetcar track branched into the building from Front Street. In 1924, the building's functions were moved to the Hillcrest Complex, and the building was rented out.
Motor shops between Frederick and Sherbourne streets, north side of The Esplanade[4]:118 1893 Five tracks passed through the motor shops allowing streetcars to enter southbound from Frederick Street and exit northbound on Sherbourne Street. In 1924, the TTC moved the shops to the Hillcrest Complex. Between 1927 and 1930 the building was used as a freight depot for freight motors from the TTC's Lake Simcoe radial line. The TTC later used the building as a bus garage.
Powerhouse Front & Frederick streets, SE corner 1888 After 1891, the TRC converted the TSR's Frederick Street stable building into a power plant after reinforcing the structure and installing generators. With power from Niagara in 1907, the plant was put into reserve status; in 1924, the TTC shut it down.[4] Since 1977, the Young People's Theatre has occupied the building.[15]
Stores building Front Street south side, east side of powerhouse 1883 The TRC repurposed the former TSR Front Street carhouse primarily as a stores building but also for storing and deploying streetcar trailers. A streetcar track branched into the building from Front Street. The TTC vacated the building after its functions were moved to the Hillcrest Complex in 1924.
George Street yard Front Street East & George Street, SW corner circa 1903 The yard was on the site of the TSR's George Street stable (built 1881) which burnt down in 1902. The yard was used to store coal for the powerhouse until 1904, and then as a storage area for the Way Department. Into the TTC era, it was also used to store and scrap obsolete streetcars. A streetcar track branched in to the yard from the corner of Front and George.
Front Street yard Sherbourne Street & Front Street East, NW corner ? The yard had ten stub tracks all facing Sherbourne Street, and could hold 35 streetcars. Most of the yard was sold in 1925, leaving a strip of land for a TTC loop serving the Sherbourne streetcar route.

Today, only the powerhouse building still stands, now occupied by a theatre. Condominiums occupy most of the former facility sites.

Away from downtown, the TRC had a revenue-generating facility:

Revenue-generating facilities
Facility Location Opened Notes
Scarboro Beach Park Queen Street East and Maclean Avenue 1912 Scarboro Beach Park was an amusement park owned by the TRC, which provided a destination for many streetcar riders. Besides games and rides, the park had a grandstand, a picnic area and a sports field. It closed in 1922.

See also

References
  • "A Very, Very Brief History of Transit in Toronto". Transit Toronto. 2006-11-10. Retrieved 2007-07-21.
  1. Robert M. Stamp (1989). Riding the Radials, Toronto's Suburban Electric Streetcar Lines. The Boston Mills Press. ISBN 1-55046-008-0. Retrieved 2016-04-16. Chapter 1 - The Spinal Cord of Yonge Street
  2. Partridge, Larry (1983). Mind the Doors, Please! The Story of Toronto and Its Streetcars. Erin, Ontario: The Boston Mills Press. ISBN 0-919822-62-2.
  3. Filey, Mike (1986). Not a One Horse Town. North York, Ontario: Firefly Books. p. unpaged. ISBN 0-9691501-1-3.
  4. Pursley, Louis H. (1958). Street Railways of Toronto: 1861–1921. Los Angeles: Interurbans Press.
  5. Moore, Oliver (May 23, 2018). "Moment in time: Streetcars begin running on Sunday in Toronto". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved May 23, 2018.
  6. J. William Hood (1986). The Toronto Civic Railways. Upper Canada Railway Society. ISBN 0-921429-07-X.
  7. Bow, James (April 3, 2012). "The Ashbridge Streetcar (Deceased)". Transit Toronto. Retrieved July 19, 2012.
  8. Bow, James (April 7, 2020). "Early Toronto Subway Proposals". Transit Toronto. Retrieved July 10, 2020.
  9. John F. Bromley and Jack May (1973). 50 Years of Progressive Transit. Electric Railroaders' Association. pp. 39. ISBN 9781550024487. Retrieved 2016-08-31.
  10. Baker, John E. (1982). Winnipeg's Electric Transit. Railfare Enterprises Limited. ISBN 0-919130-31-3.
  11. Morrison, Allen (2003). "The Tramways of Monterrey". tramz.com. Retrieved July 11, 2020.
  12. "Toronto Transit Commission 327". Halton County Radial Railway. Retrieved July 18, 2020.
  13. "King Street Carhouse". Toronto's Historical Plaques. Retrieved July 6, 2020.
  14. Walter Hoffmann, Walter; Bow, James (September 6, 2017). "Lansdowne Carhouse & Garage". Transit Toronto. Retrieved July 7, 2020.
  15. "165 Front Street East 1889". Toronto's Historical Plaques. Retrieved July 7, 2020.
Preceded by
Toronto Street Railway		 Public Transit in Toronto
1891–1921		 Succeeded by
Toronto Civic Railways 1915–1921 and Toronto Transportation Commission
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