Ta-Arawakan languages

The Ta-Arawakan languages, also known as Ta-Maipurean and Caribbean, are the indigenous Arawakan languages of the Caribbean Sea coasts of Central and South America. They are distinguished by the first person pronominal prefix ta-, as opposed to common Arawakan na-.

Ta-Arawakan
Caribbean
Geographic
distribution		Caribbean and Central America (Belize, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua's Mosquito Coast)
Linguistic classificationArawakan
  • Northern
    • (Caribbean)
      • Ta-Arawakan
Subdivisions
  • Iñeri
  • Ta-Arawakan proper
Glottologcari1281[1]

Languages

Kaufman (1994) provides the following subclassification:

Aikhenvald adds Shebayo, which Kaufman had left unclassified, and removes Iñeri from Ta-Arawakan proper:

Caribbean Arawakan

Proto-language

Reconstructions of Proto-Lokono-Guajiro proposed by Captain (1991):[2]

no.glossProto Lokono-Guajiro
1.‘abdomen’*Vteke
2.‘after’*dikʰi
3.‘ant’*hayu
4.‘anteater’*waRiti
5.‘arm’*dɨna
6.‘armadillo’*yekerV
7.‘arrow’*kimařa
8.‘ash’*baliki
9.‘ask’*asa (?)
10.‘axe’*bařu
11.‘back’*asabu
12.‘bat’*busiri
13.‘bathe’*aka
14.‘beard’*tiima
15.‘bird’*kudibiu
16.‘blood’*itʰa
17.‘bone’*Vbu-na
18.‘breast’*(u)di
19.‘break’*wakVdV-
20.‘by (agent)’*duma
21.‘cane’*isi
22.‘canoe’*kanuwa
23.‘chest’*Vluwa
24.‘child’*(?)ibili
25.‘chili pepper’*hatʰi
26.‘chop’*lada
27.‘cold, have a*tʰunuli-
28.‘come’*andV
29.‘cricket’*pʰuti
30.‘crocodile’*kayukutʰi
31.‘delicious’*keme-
32.‘down’*unabu
33.‘drink (v)’*VtʰV
34.‘ear’*dike
35.‘egret’*wakaRa
36.‘eye’*aku
37.‘exit (v)’*apʰuti-
38.‘fat, grease’*akusi
39.‘father’*Vtʰi
40.‘finger’*kʰabu-ibira
41.‘fingernail’*bada
42.‘fire’*sikʰi
43.‘fish’*hime
44.‘flea’*kʰayaba
45.‘flesh’*kiruku
46.‘flower’*siwi
47.‘fly’*mabuRi
48.‘foot’*ukuti
49.‘for (benefactive)’*bura
50.‘forehead’*kibu
51‘from (LOC)’*-kee
52.‘fur’*Vti
53.‘go’*kuna
54.‘gourd’*iwida
55.‘grandfather’*dukutʰi
56.‘grandmother’*kVtʰV
57.‘green’*subule
58.‘hair’*Vbařa
59.‘hammock’*hamaka; *kura
60.‘hand’*kʰabu
61.‘hate, be hated’*te-
62.‘head’*ikiwi
63.‘hear’*akanaba
64.‘here’*yaha
65.‘honey’*maba
66.‘horn’*ukuwa
67.‘house’*bahɨ
68.‘I’*dakia
69.‘iguana’*iwana
70.‘in’*luku
71‘in (a fluid)’*raku
72.‘juice’*Vra
73.‘kill’*pʰarV
74.‘knife’*ruři
75.‘leaf*bana
76.‘liver’*bana
77.‘maize’*mariki
78.‘manioc’*kʰali
79.‘manioc starch’*hařo
80.‘many’*yuhu
81.‘monkey’*pʰudi
82.‘moon’*katʰi
83.‘mosquito’*maRi
84.‘mother’*uyu
85.‘neck’*nuru
86.‘nose’*kiri
87.‘one’*aba
88.‘path’*bɨna; *wabu
89.‘peck’*tuka-
90.‘penis’*ewera
91.‘rat’*kuři
92.‘raw’*iya
93.‘request’*kʰuyabV-
94.‘resin’*Vkʰɨ
95.‘ripe’*hebe
96.‘river’*sVři
97.‘root’*akura
98.‘say’*akV
99.‘sea’*bařawa
100.‘seat, stool’*turu
101.‘she’*tʰukia
102.‘skin’*Vda
103.‘sleep’*dunkV
104.‘snake’*uri
105.‘son-in-law’*titʰi
106.‘sound’*akanVkɨ
107.‘star’*iwiwa
108.‘stone’*kiba
109.‘stop’*takɨ-
110.‘sweet potato’*halitʰi
111.‘tail’*isi
112.‘tapir’*kama
113.‘termite’*kʰumutʰiri
114.‘that (masculine)’*lira
115.‘that (non-masculine)’*tura
116.‘there’*yara
117.‘they’*nakia
118.‘thigh’*(N)bɨku
119.‘this (masculine)’*lihi
120.‘this (non-masculine)’*tuhu
121.‘thou’*bukia
122.‘three’*kabɨnV
123.‘tip’*kiruku
124.‘toad’*kiberu
125.‘tobacco’*yuři
126.‘tongue’*Vyee
127.‘tooth’*ari
128.‘touch, feel’*bebeda
129.‘tree’*kunuku
130.‘two’*biama
131.‘up’*iu-
132.‘vomit’*ewedV
133.‘water’*uni
134.‘we’*wakia
135.‘with (accomp.)’*Vma
136.‘whistle’*wiwida-
137.‘woman’*hiaru
138.‘worm’*-koma-
139.‘ye’*hukia
140.‘yes’*VNhVN
141.(absolutive)*-hV
142.(poss. suffix)*-tʰe

References
  1. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Caribbean Arawakan". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  2. Captain, D. (1991 [2005]). Proto-Lokono-Guajiro. Revista Latinoamericana de Estudios Etnolingüísticos, 10:137-172.
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