Ascophora

Ascophora is an infraorder under order Cheilostomata of the Bryozoa.

Ascophora
Temporal range: Late Cretaceous–Recent
Eurystomella bilabiata
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Clade: Lophophorata
Phylum: Bryozoa
Class: Gymnolaemata
Order: Cheilostomata
Suborder: Ascophora
Levinsen, 1909
Subgroups

See text

They are now considered a synonym of Flustrina. [1]

Ascophorans are distinguished from other cheilostomes in having a completely calcified wall covering their frontal surface apart from the orifice, and possessing an ascus (hence the name of the suborder). The ascus is a water-filled sac of frontal membrane opening at or near the orifice. It functions as a hydrostatic system by allowing water into the space below the inflexible frontal wall when the zooid everts its polypide (feeding tentacles) by muscles pulling the frontal membrane inwards (non-ascophorans do not need this structure as their frontal wall is not calcified).

The structure of this frontal wall is the basis of distinguishing the four major subdivisions of the Ascophora, each of which is, however, currently under suspicion of being polyphyletic and/or paraphyletic.[2] They are therefore listed here as 'unranked' groupings.

Ascophorans are exclusively marine, but very widespread geographically and ecologically. They grow on various substrates and in a variety of colony shapes.

Classification
  • Suborder Ascophora
    • Section Acanthostegomorpha
      • Superfamily Cribrilinoidea
        • Family Cribrilinidae
        • Family †Lekythoglenidae
        • Family Euthyroididae
        • Family Polliciporidae
      • Superfamily Bifaxarioidea
        • Family Bifaxariidae
        • Family †Platyglenidae
        • Family Mixtopeltidae
      • Superfamily †Scorioporoidea
        • Family †Scorioporidae
        • Family †Nephroporidae
      • Superfamily Catenicelloidea
        • Family Catenicellidae
        • Family †Concatenellidae
        • Family Eurystomellidae
        • Family Savignyellidae
        • Family Petalostegidae
    • Section Hippothoomorpha
      • Superfamily Hippothooidea
        • Family Hippothoidae
        • Family Chorizoporidae
        • Family Trypostegidae
        • Family Pasytheidae
      • Superfamily †Dysnoetoporoidea
        • Family †Dysnoetoporidae
    • Section Umbonulomorpha
      • Superfamily Arachnopusioidea
      • Superfamily Adeonoidea
      • Superfamily Pseudolepralioidea
        • Family Pseudolepraliidae
      • Superfamily Lepralielloidea
        • Family Dhondtiscidae
        • Family Bryocryptellidae
        • Family Romancheinidae
        • Family †Sfeniellidae
        • Family Umbonulidae
        • Family Tessaradomidae
        • Family Hincksiporidae
        • Family Sclerodomidae
        • Family Metrarabdotosidae
      • Superfamily Chlidoniopsoidea
        • Family Chlidoniopsidae
    • Section Lepraliomorpha
      • Superfamily Smittinoidea
      • Superfamily Schizoporelloidea
        • Family Schizoporellidae
        • Family Stomachetosellidae
        • Family Tetraplariidae
        • Family †Bryobaculidae
        • Family Phorioppniidae
        • Family Porinidae
        • Family Margarettidae
        • Family Myriaporidae
        • Family Hippopodinidae
        • Family Pacificincolidae
        • Family Hippaliosinidae
        • Family †Duvergieriidae
        • Family Gigantoporidae
        • Family Lanceoporidae
        • Family Cheiloporinidae
        • Family Cryptosulidae
        • Family Actisecidae
        • Family Teuchoporidae
        • Family Echinovadomidae
        • Family Phoceanidae
        • Family Mawatariidae
        • Family Vicidae
        • Family †Cheilhorneropsidae
        • Family Microporellidae
        • Family Calwelliidae
        • Family Petraliidae
        • Family Petraliellidae
        • Family Cyclicoporidae
        • Family Lacernidae
        • Family Escharinidae
        • Family Acoraniidae
        • Family Buffonellodidae
        • Family Jaculinidae
        • Family Eminooeciidae
        • Family Fenestrulinidae
      • Superfamily Urceoliporoidea
        • Family Urceoliporidae
        • Family †Prostomariidae
      • Superfamily Didymoselloidea
        • Family Didymosellidae
      • Superfamily Euthyriselloidea
        • Family Euthyrisellidae
      • Superfamily Siphonicytaroidea
        • Family Siphonicytaridae
      • Superfamily Mamilloporoidea
        • Family Mamilloporidae
        • Family Crepidacanthidae
        • Family Cleidochasmatidae
        • Family Ascosiidae
      • Superfamily Celleporoidea
      • Superfamily Conescharellinoidea
        • Family Conescharellinidae
        • Family Batoporidae
        • Family Lekythoporidae
        • Family Orbituliporidae
        • Family †Cuvillieridae

References
  1. WoRMS (2020). Ascophora. Accessed at: http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=153674 on 2020-02-12
  2. Gordon, D.P. 2000. Towards a phylogeny of cheilostomes - morphological models of frontal wall/shield evolution. Proceedings of the 11th International Byozoology Association Conference: 17-37


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