Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate

The Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate was a Turkic empire that existed for about a century between the early 9th and 10th centuries, around the start of the Mongol Empire. It ruled over the Yenisei Kyrgyz people, who had been located in southern Siberia and Central Asia since the 6th century. By the 9th century, the Kyrgyz had asserted dominance over the Uyghurs who had previously ruled. The empire was established as a khaganate from 840–1207[2]. The khaganate's territory is now part of Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Russia, China and Mongolia.

Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate

840–925[1] or 1207 [2]
Common languagesOld Turkic language
Religion
Tengrism, Manicheism
GovernmentMonarchy
• Khagan
Bars Bek
History 
• Established
840
• Disestablished
925[1] or 1207 [2]
Area
3,100,000 km2 (1,200,000 sq mi)
Preceded by		Succeeded by
Uyghur Khaganate
Mongol Empire
Today part ofKyrgyzstan
Mongolia
China
Kazakhstan
Russia

History

The earliest records of Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate were written during the Tang dynasty. The Kyrgyz did not keep reliable written records during this period.

In 50 BC, Xiongnu leader Zhizhi Chanyu defeated the Dinglings in the north of China. He also conquered the Gyangun country located 7,000 li (4,000  km) west of Ordos – the center of his country. During those times, Kyrgyz people lived in the Borohoro Mountains and the Manas River valley on east Tengir-Too. As a result, in Chinese historiography, Kyrgyz Khaganate is assigned the misnomer "Gyegyesy".

They were largely subordinate to the Göktürks from 560s to 700s.[2] Kyrgyz khagan Bars Bek was a brother-in-law to Bilge Khagan. His son ruled Kyrgyzs after Bars Bek's defeated in hands of Qapaghan in 710.[3] After Turkic downfall, they submitted to Uyghurs.[4] Their leader Bayanchur killed the Kyrgyz leader and appointed a new Kyrgyz khagan named Bilge Tong Erkin (毗伽頓頡斤).

Relations with China

First embassy to Yenisei Kyrgyz was sent during reign of the Emperor Taizong of Tang, in 632.[5] He received Kyrgyz ambassador named Shiboqu Azhan (失鉢屈阿棧) who was later appointed to the Yanran (燕然) Commandery.

The Kyrgyz khagans claimed descent from the Chinese general Li Ling, grandson of the famous Han dynasty general Li Guang.[6][7][8] Li Ling was captured by the Xiongnu and defected in the first century BCE.[9][10] And since the Tang royal Li family also claimed descent from Li Guang, the Kirghiz Khagan was therefore recognized as a member of the Tang Imperial family. This relationship soothed the relationship when Kyrgyz khagan Are (阿熱) invaded Uyghur Khaganate and put Qasar Qaghan to the sword. The news brought to Chang'an by Kyrgyz ambassador Zhuwu Hesu (註吾合素).

In 845, Are khagan was created Zong Yingxiong Wu Chengming Khagan (Chinese: 宗英雄武誠明可汗; lit.: 'Fathering Heroes, Martial and Sincere, Brilliant Khagan') by Emperor Wuzong. But Wuzong died before his ambassadors departing Chang'an. The new emperor Xuanzong did not rush to create him khagan. At a general council of senior officials, they decided that the titles were given to the Uyghurs when they were strong, and if the Yenisei Kyrgyz were awarded as well, they would become proud and become dangerous. The emperor revoked the letter.[2]

After Are's murder by one of his officials in 847, new Kyrgyz khagan was created Yingwu Chengming Khagan (英武诚明可汗) by Xuanzong[2], who sent Li Ye (李業) to award him the title.

Downfall

Not much is known on downfall of Yenisei Kyrgyz, but according to Drompp, they were certainly not invaded by Liao dynasty, because the Kyrgyz did not occupy the Mongolian Plateau in the first place. They had conflicts with Qara Khitai and probably submitted to Genghis Khan by 1207/8.

References
  1. "History of Central Asia". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 November 2016.
  2. Drompp, Michael. "The Yenisei Kyrgyz from Early Times to the Mongol Conquest". Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  3. Butanaev, V. I︠A︡.; Бутанаев, В. Я. (2000). Istorii︠a︡ eniseĭskikh kyrgyzov. Khudi︠a︡kov, I︠U︡. S. (I︠U︡liĭ Sergeevich), Худяков, Ю. С. (Юлий Сергеевич), Khakasskiĭ gosudarstvennyĭ universitet imeni N.F. Katanova. Institut istorii i prava., Хакасский государственный университет имени Н.Ф. Катанова. Институт истории и права. Abakan: Izd-vo Khakasskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta im. N.F. Katanova. p. 69. ISBN 5-7810-0119-0. OCLC 47206450.
  4. Barfield, Thomas J. (Thomas Jefferson), 1950- (1989). The perilous frontier : nomadic empires and China. Cambridge, Mass.: B. Blackwell. p. 152. ISBN 1-55786-043-2. OCLC 18629749.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. Theobald, Ulrich. "Xiajiasi 黠戛斯 or Jilijisi 吉利吉思, Qirqiz (www.chinaknowledge.de)". www.chinaknowledge.de. Retrieved 2019-12-13.
  6. Veronika Veit, ed. (2007). The role of women in the Altaic world: Permanent International Altaistic Conference, 44th meeting, Walberberg, 26-31 August 2001. Volume 152 of Asiatische Forschungen (illustrated ed.). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 61. ISBN 3447055375. Retrieved 8 February 2012.
  7. Michael Robert Drompp (2005). Tang China and the collapse of the Uighur Empire: a documentary history. Volume 13 of Brill's Inner Asian library (illustrated ed.). BRILL. p. 126. ISBN 9004141294. Retrieved 8 February 2012.
  8. Kyzlasov, Leonid R. (2010). The Urban Civilization of Northern and Innermost Asia Historical and Archaeological Research (PDF). Curatores seriei VICTOR SPINEI et IONEL CANDEÂ VII. The Urban Civilization of Northern and Innermost Asia Historical and Archaeological Research. ROMANIAN ACADEMY INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY OF IAȘI Editura Academiei Romane - Editura Istros. p. 245. ISBN 978-973-27-1962-6. "Florilegium magistrorum historiae archaeologiaeque Antiqutatis et Medii Aevi".
  9. The role of women in the Altaic world : Permanent International Altaistic Conference, 44th meeting, Walberberg, 26-31 August 2001. Veit, Veronika, 1944-. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. 2007. p. 61. ISBN 978-3-447-05537-6. OCLC 182731462.CS1 maint: others (link)
  10. Drompp, Michael R. (1999). "Breaking the Orkhon Tradition: Kirghiz Adherence to the Yenisei Region after A. D. 840". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 119 (3): 394–395. doi:10.2307/605932. JSTOR 605932.
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