University libraries in the United States

The United States contains some of the largest academic libraries in the world. Among the most notable collections are those at Harvard University, the University of California, and the University of Texas. Many others were founded more recently, and are consequently on a much smaller scale.

History

The first colleges in the United States were intended to train members of the clergy. The libraries associated with these institutions largely consisted of donated books on the subjects of theology and the classics. In 1766, Yale had approximately 4,000 volumes, second only to Harvard.[1] Access to these libraries was restricted to faculty members and a few students: the only staff was a part-time faculty member or the president of the college.[2] The priority of the library was to protect the books, not to allow patrons to use them. In 1849, Yale was open 30 hours a week, the University of Virginia was open nine hours a week, Columbia University four, and Bowdoin College only three.[3] Students instead created literary societies and assessed entrance fees in order to build a small collection of usable volumes often in excess of what the university library held.[3]

Around the turn of the century, this approach began to change. The American Library Association was formed in 1876, with members including Melville Dewey and Charles Ammi Cutter. Libraries re-prioritized in favor of improving access to materials, and found funding increasing as a result of increased demand for said materials.[4]

Academic libraries today vary in regard to the extent to which they accommodate those who are not affiliated with their parent universities. Some offer reading and borrowing privileges to members of the public on payment of an annual fee; such fees can vary greatly. The privileges so obtained usually do not extend to such services as computer usage, other than to search the catalog, or Internet access. Alumni and students of cooperating local universities may be given discounts or other consideration when arranging for borrowing privileges. On the other hand, access to the libraries of some universities is absolutely restricted to students, faculty, and staff. Even in this case, they may make it possible for others to borrow materials through inter-library loan programs.

Libraries of land-grant universities generally are more accessible to the public. In some cases they are official government document repositories and so are required to be open to the public. Still, members of the public are generally charged fees for borrowing privileges, and usually are not allowed to access everything they would be able to as students.

Largest academic libraries

The 20 largest academic libraries in the United States by number of volumes, in millions:

Institution	Library Holdings (Volumes, millions) (2017)[5]
Harvard University	21.273
University of Michigan	14.857
University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign	14.805
Columbia University	14.017
University of California, Los Angeles	12.718
University of California, Berkeley	12.634
Yale University	12.448
University of Texas at Austin	11.678
University of Chicago	11.594
Indiana University Bloomington	10.346
University of Wisconsin-Madison	10.132
Cornell University	9.788
Ohio State University	9.766
Princeton University	9.478
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill	9.219
University of Washington	9.028
Pennsylvania State University	8.340
University of Pennsylvania	8.261
Duke University	8.230

References

1. Budd, John M. (1998). The Academic Library: its context, its purpose, and its operation. Englewood, Colorado: Libraries Unlimited. pp. 30–31.
2. McCabe, Gerard; Ruth J. Person (1995). Academic Libraries: their rationale and role in American higher education. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. pp. 1–3.
3. Budd (1998), p. 34
4. McCabe (1995), pp. 1-3.
5. Association of Research Libraries, , p. 46.