Tadeusz Pietrzykowski

Tadeusz Pietrzykowski (8 April 1917 – 17 April 1991) was a Polish boxer, Polish Armed Forces soldier, and a prisoner at Auschwitz-Birkenau and Neuengamme concentration camps run by the Nazis during World War II. He was part of the first mass transport to Auschwitz in June 1940, and was transferred to Neuengamme in 1943. He is remembered as the boxing champion of Auschwitz. Pietrzykowski's life story has been the subject of several books and movies.[1][2][3][4]

Early life

Pietrzykowski was born on 8 April 1917 in Warsaw.[5] In his youth he joined the boxing section of the Legia Warsaw club, where he trained under Feliks Stamm.[6] He received a number of positive writeups in the interwar Polish sport press, and was nicknamed "Teddy" or "Teddi".[6] The years 1936-1937 were the heights of his sports career as in 1935 his boxing section advanced to the A-rank in Warsaw; and in 1937 he qualified for the finals in the Polish Boxing Championships as well as became the Warsaw Champion in the bantamweight class.[7] A 1938 edition of Polish sports magazine, Przegląd Sportowy declared him "the best bantamweight boxer in Warsaw". Unfortunately, around that time, he suffered an injury, he was expelled from his school and his boxing section was disbanded.[7][8]

Following the German invasion of Poland in September 1939, he took part in the defence of Warsaw, volunteering for a light artillery regiment.[6][9] Following the Polish defeat, in early 1940 he attempted to travel to France, where the Polish Army was being reformed. He was arrested in Hungary, and deported back to Poland, where he was interrogated and tortured by the Gestapo. On 14 June 1940, he was moved from a regular prison in Tarnów to the Auschwitz concentration camp.[6] He arrived there with the first mass transport to Auschwitz concentration camp, receiving the camp prisoner number 77.[6]

Life in the camps

In March 1941, he joined the Auschwitz resistance movement, Związek Organizacji Wojskowej, working directly under Witold Pilecki.[6] A few months later he took part in the assassination plot against a high ranking German officer in the camp, commandant Rudolf Höss, by helping to sabotage the saddle of his horse. The assassination attempt failed, but resulted in Höss breaking a leg. The incident was classified as an accident by the Germans, with no punishment for the prisoners.[6] Later, Pietrzykowski killed Höss' dog, which had been trained to attack Jewish prisoners and had killed at least one of them. The dog was cooked and eaten by the prisoners.[6] He was also involved in other resistance activities, such as passing information or sabotaging labor activities.[6]

Pietrzykowski took part in his first unofficial boxing fight in the camp that March, motivated by the promise of additional food rations. The match was against Walter Dünning, a German kapo and boxer known as the German middleweight vice-champion. The match was judged by Bruno Brodniewicz. The fight was inconclusive, but Pietrzykowski was generally viewed as the winner, despite his opponent being better fed, better rested, and having a 40 to 70 kg weight advantage. His performance in the fight gained him the approval of the camp personnel, and started his career as a boxer within the camp.[9][6] While intended as amusement for the camp personnel, the fights became popular with the prisoners as well, and Pietrzykowski's victories over German opponents or collaborators boosted morale among the inmates.[6]

Pietrzykowski faced a number of opponents in Auschwitz, including other imprisoned Polish boxers such as Michał Janowczyk.[10] Other times his opponents were prisoner volunteers. Pietrzykowski tried to adjust his style to his opponents, avoiding injuring them (unless they were German kapos) and prolonging the fights for the amusement of the onlookers.[6] In particular, he tried to help the Jewish boxers he fought, recognizing that the matches were more perilous for them; in at least one case he tied on purpose, drawing a compromise between maintaining his winning streak and avoiding drawing the guards' ire to his Jewish opponent.[6] Several times he fought German opponents in fights recognized as particularly vicious. He was victorious against known German professional boxers such as Wilhelm Maier and Harry Stein.[6] Some of his fights were more impromptu: for example, in May 1941, with permission of a guard, he challenged a prisoner who was beating another prisoner; only later did he learn that he had rescued a priest, later Saint Maximilian Kolbe.[6]

Due to his style which favoured evasion, the Germans nicknamed Pietrzykowski the Weiss Nebel (White Fog). Boxing fights for the amusement of the German personnel were common and happened most Sundays. Pietrzykowski had a long winning streak, losing only a single fight in the summer of 1942 (against a Dutch Jew and also professional boxer, middleweight champion Leu Sanders); Pietrzykowski would go on to win a later rematch between the two.[6][9] The rewards for his victories were the privilege to choose where to work, and extra food, the latter of which he often shared with other prisoners.[6] At one point, he received a proposal to sign the Volksliste, which would help him leave the camp, but he refused.[6] At another time, he was subjected to a medical human experiment, having been intentionally infected by typhus by the camp medical personnel after a check-up in the camp hospital, but survived.[6]

Some of Pietrzykowski's victories over German opponents made him enemies among German personnel, and there were rumours that he would be executed in revenge. In March 1943, however, a visiting German official, Hans Lütkemeyer of the newly opened Neuengamme concentration camp, recognized Pietrzykowski, whom he had met during a match in 1938. He invited Pietrzykowski to transfer to a new camp, which he accepted. Pietrzykowski was transferred to Neuengamme on 14 March.[9][6] While in Auschwitz, he fought between 40 to 60 matches, losing only once.[9]

In Neuengamme, Pietrzykowski continued boxing, defeating opponents ranging from German kapos to an Italian professional boxer. As in Auschwitz, his fights were popular not just among the guards, but among the prisoners, a number of whom mentioned in their diaries that they were one of the cultural and sport highlights of the otherwise miserable life in the camps. In Neuengamme, he was considered undefeated. One of his most notable opponents was German-American heavyweight boxer, Schally Hottenbach, nicknamed "Hammerschlag" (Hammer Strike), whom Pietrzykowski defeated in August 1943.[6] Pietrzykowski's undefeated string once again irritated some Germans, and once again rumours started to spread that some German personnel were planning to murder him. However, Pietrzykowski was able to arrange a transfer for himself to another camp in Salzgitter (KZ Salzgitter-Watenstedt). In Salzgitter, he became ill, but was able to recover. In total, he fought at least 20 matches in Neuengamme. His last opponent was Russian soldier Kostia Konstantinow.[6]

In March 1945, as the Eastern Front was approaching, Pietrzykowski was transferred to Bergen-Belsen concentration camp. He survived there until the camp was liberated a month later, on 15 April 1945.[6]

After the war

After being liberated, Pietrzykowski joined the Polish 1st Armoured Division where he organized sport activities for the soldiers.[6][11] He also sparred with other soldiers, winning his Division lightweight boxing champion in 1946.[7] In 1947 he returned to Poland, where he testified in the trial of Rudolf Höss.[6] He tried to restart his sport career, but developed illnesses that prevented this.[8] His official post-war match records is given as 15 victories and two ties.[7]

Pietrzykowski was married three times.[7][8] In 1959 he finished his studies at the University of Physical Education in Warsaw.[11] In the 1960s, he settled in Bielsko-Biała, where he became a sport and PE teacher, and boxing instructor.[6][7][8] He passed away on 17 August 1991.[6]

Remembrance

Pietrzykowski's life was a subject of two in-depth biographies.[a] Parts of Pietrzykowski's life, particularly his fight against Schally Hottenbach, served as the basis for a 1962 film by the Slovak director Peter Solan (Boxer a smrť - The Boxer and Death) with the script by Polish writer Józef Hen who would later write a book based on it (Bokser i śmierć, 1975).[10][12][13] Pietrzykowski's story was also featured in the movie about famous Polish boxers, Ring Wolny (2018).[14][15] Another movie about his life, Mistrz, was announced in 2019 and is planned to premier in Poland in the fall of 2020.[16][17]

In April 2020 the town council of Bielski-Biała announced it would commemorate Pietrzykowski.[17] There was a street named after him in Bielsko-Biała but it was closed in 2008.[8]

Notes

a ^ Joanna Cieśla and Antoni Molenda, Tadeusz Pietrzykowski “Teddy” (1917–1991) (Katowice: Towarzystwo Opieki nad Oświęcimiem, Oddział Wojewódzki, 1995); and, Bogacka, Bokser Z Auschwitz (Demart SA, 2012).[18]

References
  1. "Au camp d'Auschwitz, la boxe fut aussi un moyen pour survivre". L'Express (in French). 24 December 2012. Retrieved 21 January 2015.
  2. "Teddy, le gladiateur d'Auschwitz". Le Figaro (in French). 24 December 2012. Retrieved 21 January 2015.
  3. Langbein, Hermann (2004). People in Auschwitz. Univ of North Carolina Press. p. 130. ISBN 9780807828168.
  4. Fedorowicz, Andrzej. "Gladiatorzy z obozów śmierci". Focus. Archived from the original on 21 January 2015. Retrieved 21 January 2015.
  5. Joanna Cieślak; Antoni Molenda (1995). Tadeusz Pietrzykowski "Teddy": 1917-1991. Tow. Opieki nad Oświęcimiem, Oddz. Wojewódzki. p. 5.
  6. Bogacka, Marta (2012). "Obozowe lata Tadeusza Pietrzykowskiego – boksera, który pięściami wywalczył sobie życie". Pamięć i Sprawiedliwość (in Polish) (2(20)): 139–166. ISSN 1427-7476.
  7. "TADEUSZ 'TEDDY' PIETRZYKOWSKI - JEDYNY MISTRZ WSZECHWAG KL AUSCHWITZ". www.bokser.org. Retrieved 14 July 2020.
  8. Blaut, Maciej; Płatek, Piotr (6 March 2008). "Mistrz wszechwag KL Auschwitz". Magazyn Katowice. Wyborcza.pl. Retrieved 14 July 2020.
  9. "The Story of the Champion Who Boxed in Auschwitz to Survive". www.vice.com. Retrieved 13 July 2020.
  10. "Walki bokserskie w obozach koncetracyjnych". www.focus.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 13 July 2020.
  11. "„Bokser z Auschwitz"". dzieje.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 14 July 2020.
  12. Cyra, Adam (15 October 2007). "Bokser i śmierć". Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum. Archived from the original on 22 January 2015. Retrieved 21 January 2015.
  13. "Józef Hen | Życie i twórczość | Artysta". Culture.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 14 July 2020.
  14. "FilmPolski.pl". FilmPolski (in Polish). Retrieved 14 July 2020.
  15. "W Auschwitz dziadek walczył o życie pięściami". plus.gazetakrakowska.pl (in Polish). 19 October 2016. Retrieved 14 July 2020.
  16. ""Mistrz". Historia Polaka, który zdobył tytuł mistrza wszechwag obozu koncentracyjnego Auschwitz-Birkenau". gazetapl (in Polish). Retrieved 14 July 2020.
  17. Redakcja (4 February 2020). "Bokser z Auschwitz. Bielsko-Biała upamiętni Tadeusza Teddy'ego Pietrzykowskiego". Dziennik Zachodni (in Polish). Retrieved 14 July 2020.
  18. Wolski, Paweł (2017). "Excessive Masculinity: Boxer Narratives in Holocaust Literature". Teksty Drugie. 2: 209–229. doi:10.18318/td.2017.en.2.13.
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