St. John's Cathedral ('s-Hertogenbosch)

The Roman Catholic Cathedral Church of St. John (Sint-Janskathedraal) of 's-Hertogenbosch, North Brabant, is the height of gothic architecture in the Netherlands. It has an extensive and richly decorated interior, and serves as the cathedral for the bishopric of 's-Hertogenbosch.

Cathedral Basilica of St. John the Evangelist
  • Kathedrale Basiliek van Sint Jan Evangelist  (Dutch)
  • Sint-Janskathedraal  (Dutch)
St. John's Cathedral
51°41′17″N 5°18′27″E
Location's-Hertogenbosch
CountryNetherlands
DenominationRoman Catholic
Websitesint-jan.nl
History
StatusCathedral
DedicationJohn the Evangelist
Architecture
Functional statusActive
Heritage designationRijksmonument
Architect(s)Alaert du Hamel and Lambert Hezenmans among others
Architectural typeGothic
StyleBrabantine Gothic
Years built1220–1530
1860–1939 (restoration)
1949–present (restoration)
Specifications
Capacity1,500
Length115 meters (377 ft 3.6 in)
Width62 meters (203 ft 4.9 in)
Height73 meters (239 ft 6.0 in)
Materials33 types of natural stone and brick
Administration
ArchdioceseUtrecht
Diocese's-Hertogenbosch
St-Jan 's-Hertogenbosch
Statuette on one of the cathedral's flying buttresses
Interior of the crossing tower of St. John's Cathedral

The cathedral has a total length of 115 metres (377 ft) and a width of 62 metres (203 ft). Its tower reaches 73 metres (240 ft) high; the largest for Catholic churches in the Netherlands.

St. John's Cathedral is a so-called ‘Kanjermonument’ (whopper-monument, loosely translated) and, being such, it receives financial support from the Dutch government.

In 1985, it received the honorary title of Basilica Minor from Pope John Paul II.

General History

Originally, the cathedral was built as a parish church and was dedicated to St. John Evangelist. In 1366 it became a collegiate church, and in 1559 it became the cathedral of the new diocese of 's-Hertogenbosch. A Romanesque church used to stand on the spot where St. John's now resides. Its construction is thought to have started in 1220 and was finished in 1340. Around 1340, building began to extend the church, from which its current gothic style came. The transept and choir were finished in 1450. In 1505, the romanesque church was largely demolished, leaving only its tower. Construction of the gothic St. John was finished about the year 1525. After 1629, when the city was conquered by the Protestants and Catholicism was banned, a Protestant minority used the church, which came to be in a heavily dilapidated state, partly due a lack of funds to maintain the building.[1] When Napoleon visited the town in 1810, he restored the building to the Catholics.[2]

Napoleonic era

The French Revolutionary army conquered ’s-Hertogenbosch in 1794 and the city was added to the French Empire under Napoleon in 1810. Shortly afterwards, in 1813, the Prussians defeated the French and made ’s-Hertogenbosch a part of the Batavian Republic.[3] This had as a consequence that the Dutch Reformed Church was no longer the privileged state religion. Napoleon had already promised to give the Cathedral back to the Catholic majority in 1810 but it was finally arranged when King William I ordered a royal decree that the Cathedral was to be in Catholic hands indefinitely.[4] Since 1646 the Catholic religion had been repressed and the diocese of ’s-Hertogenbosch was a mission, with priests secretly performing their ministries.[5] Napoleon had tried to create another diocese under the governance of Monsigner Van Camp and dividing the Netherlands into two large dioceses, Amsterdam and ’s-Hertogenbosch.[6]

Post-Napoleonic era

In 1840 the Cathedral became the church of the Parish again. In 1853 The Episcopal hierarchy was restored by Pope Pius IX, who restored the hierarchy in the Netherlands as a whole.[7] Because of the new constitution of 1848 there was more religious liberty. The diocese of ’s-Hertogenbosch was made suffragan to the Archdiocese of Utrecht and the Cathedral became the episcopal seat of the Bishopric of ’s-Hertogenbosch.[8] Ordained as the first bishop of ’s-Hertogenbosch was Msgr. Johannes Zwijsen who endeavoured to bring back the Miraculous Statue of Our Lady of ’s-Hertogenbosch. The statue was brought to Brussels during the reformation but was carried back to ’s-Hertogenbosch in a procession on the 29th of December 1853.[9]

The tower

In the year 1584, a fire broke out in the high, wooden, crossing tower, more majestic than the current one. Soon the whole tower was set ablaze, and it collapsed upon the cathedral itself, taking with it much of the roof up to point where the organ was situated. In 1830, another fire damaged the western tower, which was repaired by 1842.

Underneath the clock tower there is a carillon. The clockwork can be found at the top of the Romanesque tower.

Restorations

The first restoration of the cathedral lasted from 1859 to 1946. A second attempt at restoration was executed from 1961 to 1985. The third and most recent restoration started in 1998 and was completed in 2010, costing more than 48 million euro. Major parts of the building are once again covered by scaffolding erected for restoration of the outer stonework, but also, ironically, to remedy mistakes made by earlier restoration attempts.

Angel with a mobile phone
Angel with Mobile Phone

During the restoration 25 new angel statues were created by sculptor Ton Mooy, including one with a modern twist. The last angel in the series holds a mobile phone and wears jeans. “The phone has just one button,” the sculptor said. “It dials directly to God.”[10] The mobile-using angel had to be first approved by the cathedral's fathers, who rejected earlier designs which included jet engines on the angel's back.

The Organ
The pipe organ of the cathedral was built by Heyeman between 1617 and 1621

The large organ in St. John's Cathedral is one of the most important organs of the Netherlands. The case of this organ is one of the most monumental of the Renaissance in the Netherlands.

This organ has a long history that begins with the construction in the period 1618-1638 by Floris Hocque II, Hans Goltfuss and Germer van Hagerbeer. The rood loft and the organ case were built by Frans Simons, a carpenter who probably came from Leiden. The sculpture of the organ case was carved by Gregor Schysler from Tyrol, who, however, like Floris Hocque, was originally from Cologne.

The organ was renovated, expanded and improved in past centuries by several organ builders, according to the latest fashions. The last renovation took place in 1984 and was conducted by the Flentrop firm. The organ was restored to about the situation of 1787, as the German organ builder A.G.F. Heyneman left it. Use is made of many pipes of that era, but also of pipes from later periods. In late 2003 the organ was thoroughly cleaned.

I Rugpositief C–f3
Praestant8′
Bourdon8′
Quintadena8′
Fluyttravers8′
Octaaf4′
Fluyt dous4′
Super Octaaf2′
Flageolet1′
Mixtuur V
Sexquialter II
Trompet8′
Dulciaan8′
Tremulant
II Hoofdwerk C–f3
Praestant16′
Bourdon16′
Praestant8′
Holpyp8′
Octaaf4′
Teriaan31/5′
Quint3′
Super Octaaf2′
Mixtuur VII
Trompet16′
Trompet8′
III Bovenwerk C–f3
Quintadena16′
Praestant8′
Roerfluyt8′
Viola di Gamba8′
Octaaf4′
Open fluyt4′
Quintfluyt3′
Open fluyt2′
Super Octaaf2′
Sexquialter II
Carillon III
Cornet V
Trompet8′
Vox Humana8′
Hautbois8′
Tremulant
Pedaal C–f1
Praestant32′
Praestant16′
Bourdon16′
Octaaf8′
Gedekt8′
Octaaf4′
Bazuyn16′
Trompet8′
Clairon4′
Cornet2′

See also

References
  1. "De geschiedenis van de Sint-Jan in Den Bosch". Erfgoed 's-Hertogenbosch (in Dutch). Retrieved 24 January 2019.
  2. Staf en storm : het herstel van de bisschoppelijke hiërarchie in Nederland in 1853: actie en reactie. Vis, G.N.M. (Georgius Norbertus Maria), 1958-, Janse, W. (Willem), 1956- p.235. Hilversum: Verloren. 2002. ISBN 9065507264. OCLC 783087573.CS1 maint: others (link)
  3. "'s-Hertogenbosch", Wikipedia, 26 November 2018, retrieved 24 January 2019
  4. "Geschiedenis | Stichting Nationaal Monument Sint-Jan". Geschiedenis | Stichting Nationaal Monument Sint-Jan. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
  5. "Roman Catholic Diocese of 's-Hertogenbosch", Wikipedia, 29 April 2018, retrieved 24 January 2019
  6. "Roman Catholic Diocese of 's-Hertogenbosch", Wikipedia, 29 April 2018, retrieved 24 January 2019
  7. "Roman Catholic Diocese of 's-Hertogenbosch", Wikipedia, 29 April 2018, retrieved 24 January 2019
  8. "'s Hertogenbosch (Bois-le-Duc) (Diocese) [Catholic-Hierarchy]". www.catholic-hierarchy.org. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
  9. "Roman Catholic Diocese of 's-Hertogenbosch", Wikipedia, 29 April 2018, retrieved 24 January 2019
  10. Tagliabue, John (5 March 2012). "A Dutch Angel's Cellphone Number Is in Demand". New York Times. Retrieved 28 March 2013.
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