Simon LeVay

Simon LeVay (born 28 August 1943) is a British-American neuroscientist and author. He is known for his studies about brain structures and sexual orientation.

Simon LeVay
Simon LeVay at the 2010 Texas Book Festival
Born (1943-08-28) 28 August 1943
Oxford, England
Alma materUniversity of Cambridge (B.A.)
University of Göttingen (PhD)
Scientific career
FieldsNeuroscience, Neurobiology, Human Sexuality
InstitutionsHarvard Medical School
Salk Institute
University of California, San Diego
Stanford University

Education and career

LeVay held positions in neurobiology at the Harvard Medical School from 1974 to 1984. He then worked at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies from 1984 to 1993 while holding an Associate Professorship in Biology at the University of California, San Diego. Much of his early work focused on visual cortex in animals, especially cats. In 2003 he was a lecturer and the Director of Human Sexuality Studies at Stanford University.

INAH3 research

In 1991, LeVay published "A difference in hypothalamic structure between heterosexual and homosexual men" in Science. This article reported a difference in average size between the third Interstitial Nucleus of the Anterior Hypothalamus (INAH3) in the brains of heterosexual men and homosexual men: INAH3 was more than twice as large in heterosexual men as in homosexual men. The INAH3 size of homosexual men was the same as that of women. LeVay wrote that "This finding indicates that INAH is dimorphic with sexual orientation, at least in men, and suggests that sexual orientation has a biological substrate." LeVay added, "The existence of 'exceptions' in the present sample (that is, presumed heterosexual men with small INAH 3 nuclei, and homosexual men with large ones), hints at the possibility that sexual orientation, although an important variable, may not be the sole determinant of INAH 3 size. It is also possible, however, that these exceptions are due to technical shortcomings or to misassignment of subjects to their subject groups."[1]

LeVay's finding was widely reported in the media.[2] LeVay openly related his research to his own homosexuality and to his mourning over his lover's death from AIDS.[3] LeVay cautioned against misinterpreting his findings in a 1994 interview: "It’s important to stress what I didn’t find. I did not prove that homosexuality is genetic, or find a genetic cause for being gay. I didn't show that gay men are born that way, the most common mistake people make in interpreting my work. Nor did I locate a gay center in the brain. The INAH3 is less likely to be the sole gay nucleus of the brain than a part of a chain of nuclei engaged in men and women's sexual behavior."[4] Some critics of LeVay questioned the accuracy and appropriateness of his measurements, observing that the structures are difficult to see in tissue slices and that he measured in volume rather than cell count.[5] Nancy Ordover writes that LeVay has been criticized for "his small sample size and for compiling inadequate sexual histories."[6]

Books

The Sexual Brain

The Sexual Brain, published in 1993, was LeVay's first book. It discussed brain mechanisms involved in sexual behavior and feelings.

LeVay wrote in the introduction that his INAH3 study was his only publication on sex to that date, and that most of his previous research had been on the visual areas of the cerebral cortex. LeVay explained the circumstances that led to his taking an interest in sexuality: "As a teenager and young adult I accepted the Freudian line [on sexual orientation], according to which a young child's relations with his or her parents play a decisive role...it seemed to be borne out in my own family experience: I remembered my mother as having been very close and possessive, and my father as distant, even hostile...when I came to read Freud I was swept away by his eloquence and the sheer audacity of his theories."

LeVay added, however, "Later...I began to have serious doubts. First, as I got to know large numbers of gay men and lesbian women, it became harder and harder to see them, or myself, as the products of defective parenting; we just seemed too normal. Second, as I became trained in the methods of science I became more and more skeptical that there was anything scientific about Freud's ideas, even though he repeatedly asserted that they were so. And finally, discoveries were being made in the area of sexual biology that were pointing in all kinds of new and exciting directions; Freudianism, on the other hand, seemed to have become a fossilized immovable dogma."[7]

Queer Science

Queer Science, published in 1996, was a survey of sexual orientation research. It discussed the work of pioneering sexologists such as Karl Heinrich Ulrichs and Magnus Hirschfeld, Sigmund Freud and his followers, behaviorism, and LeVay's own research on INAH3 and its possible implications.

In the sixth chapter, The Brain, LeVay mentioned his research on INAH3. He wrote that, "The findings on INAH3 fit very well with the model put forward by Hirschfeld nearly a century ago, and in my view they greatly strengthen the notion that the development of sexual orientation, at least in men, is closely tied in with the prenatal sexual differentation of the brain. But it is important to stress several limitations of the study. The observations were made on adults who had already been sexually active for a number of years. To make a really compelling case, one would have to show that these neuroanatomical differences existed early in life - preferably at birth. Without such data, there is always at least the theoretical possibility that the structural differences are actually the result of differences in sexual behavior - perhaps on the 'use it or lose it' principle. Furthermore, even if the differences in the hypothalamus arise before birth, they might still come about from a variety of causes, including genetic differences, differences in stress exposure, and many others. It is possible that the development of INAH3 (and perhaps other brain regions) represents a 'final common path' in the determination of sexual orientation, a path to which innumerable prior factors may contribute.

Another limitation arises because most of the gay men whose brains I studied died of complications of AIDS. Although I am confident that the small size of INAH3 in these men was not an effect of the disease, there is always the possibility that gay men who die of AIDS are not representative of the entire population of gay men. For example, they might have a stronger preference for receptive anal intercourse, the major risk factor for acquiring HIV infection. Thus, if one wished, one could make the argument that structural differences in INAH3 relate more to actual behavioral patterns of copulation rather than to sexual orientation as such. It will not be possible to settle this issue definitively until some method becomes available to measure the size of INAH3 in living people who can be interviewed in detail about their sexuality."

In the twelfth chapter, Science and the Law, LeVay criticized Dean Hamer's argument that genetic studies have proven that homosexuality is not a choice, since "[I]t is possible to construct a hypothesis whereby both 'gay genes' and a desire to be homosexual are necessary for a person actually to become homosexual."[8]

In the fourteenth chapter, Conclusions, LeVay discussed the issues of motivation and bias. LeVay wrote, "Because my own research on the hypothalamus drew so much public attention, I have myself been the target of many accusations of bias. These accusations have come from several different directions. According to one school of thought, typified by Jack Wesoky, the defending attorney in the Colorado Amendment 2 case, my findings are not to be believed because I am gay. According to another school, my very engagement in biological research on homosexuality proves that I am secretly out to eliminate gay people. This is the point of view of Jonathan Tolins, as expressed in Twilight of the Golds."[8]

Albrick's Gold

Albrick's Gold, published in 1997, was a science fiction novel, whose main character, Roger Cavendish, is partially based on Simon LeVay.[9]

Gay, Straight, and the Reason Why
Main article: Gay, Straight, and the Reason Why

Gay, Straight, and the Reason Why: The Science of Sexual Orientation, first published in 2010, details findings from over 650 studies on sexual orientation, including findings he had not considered. “I didn’t expect the avenue of research about birth order, that gay men tend to be late born in families, and that women aren’t as fixed in their sexual orientation as are men.”[10] A second edition was released in 2016.

Other Books

LeVay has also co-authored a textbook on human sexuality and books on earthquakes, volcanoes, Parkinson's disease, and extraterrestrial life. Human Sexuality (now in its third edition) was described in one review as "an exceptional book that addresses nearly every aspect of sexuality from multiple theoretical, historical, and cultural perspectives."[11]

Personal life

LeVay was born on 28 August 1943 in Oxford, England. He is openly gay.[12]

Works
  • LeVay S (1993). The Sexual Brain. Cambridge: MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-62093-6
  • LeVay S, Nonas E (1995). City of Friends: A Portrait of the Gay and Lesbian Community in America. Cambridge: MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-12194-8
  • LeVay S (1996). Queer Science: The Use and Abuse of Research into Homosexuality. Cambridge: MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-12199-9
  • LeVay S (1997). Albrick's Gold. London: Headline Book Publishing. ISBN 0-7472-7687-0
  • Sieh K, LeVay, S (1998). The Earth in Turmoil: Earthquakes, Volcanoes, and Their Impact on Humankind. New York: W.H. Freeman. ISBN 0-7167-3151-7
  • Koerner, D, LeVay, S (2000). Here Be Dragons: The Scientific Quest for Extraterrestrial Life. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-512852-4
  • Freed, C, LeVay, S (2002). Healing the Brain: A Doctor's Controversial Quest for a Cell Therapy to Cure Parkinson's Disease. New York: Times Books. ISBN 0-8050-7091-5
  • LeVay S, (2008). When Science Goes Wrong, Plume. ISBN 0-452-28932-7
  • LeVay S, Baldwin J (Fourth ed., 2012). Human Sexuality. Sunderland: Sinauer Associates. ISBN 0-87893-570-3
  • LeVay S, Baldwin J, Baldwin J (Third ed., 2015). Discovering Human Sexuality. Sunderland: Sinauer Associates. ISBN 978-1-60535-275-6
  • LeVay S, (Second ed., 2016). Gay, Straight, and the Reason Why: The Science of Sexual Orientation. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780190297374
  • LeVay S, (2013). The Donation of Constantine: A Novel. Los Angeles: Lambourn Books. ISBN 978-1470132156

References
  1. LeVay S (1991). A difference in hypothalamic structure between homosexual and heterosexual men. Science, 253, 1034–1037.
  2. Angier, Natalie (30 August 1991). Zone of Brain Linked to Men's Sexual Orientation. New York Times
  3. Rosario, Vernon (1997). Science and Homosexualities. Routledge, ISBN 0-415-91502-3
  4. David Nimmons, "Sex and the Brain", Discover Magazine, March 1994, http://discovermagazine.com/1994/mar/sexandthebrain346/?searchterm=levay Archived 15 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  5. Barinaga, Marcia (30 August 1991). Is homosexuality biological? Science
  6. Ordover, Nancy (2003). American Eugenics: Race, Queer Anatomy, and the Science of Nationalism. University of Minnesota Press, ISBN 0-8166-3559-5
  7. LeVay, S. (1993). The Sexual Brain. Cambridge: MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-62093-6
  8. LeVay, Simon (1996). Queer Science: The Use and Abuse of Research into Homosexuality. Cambridge: The MIT Press ISBN 0-262-12199-9
  9. LeVay S (1997). Albrick's Gold. Headline Book Publishing, ISBN ISBN 0-7472-7687-0
  10. Staples, A. Latham (11 October 2010). ""Gay Brain" scientist returns to San Diego for Oct. 12-13 book signings". San Diego Gay & Lesbian News. Retrieved 11 October 2010.
  11. Byne W (June 7, 2006). Human Sexuality (book review). Journal of the American Medical Association
  12. "Allen, Garland E. "The Double-Edged Sword of Genetic Determinism: Social and Political Agendas in Genetic Studies of Homosexuality, 1940–1994." In Science and Homosexualities. Ed. Vernon A. Rosario. New York: Routledge, 1997. 243–270". Gendersex.net. 11 May 2011. Archived from the original on 14 October 2013. Retrieved 5 December 2013.
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