Vaal–Orange language

Vaal–Orange, also known as Seroa, is an extinct ǃKwi language of South Africa and Lesotho. It comprised the ǂUngkue dialect (also rendered ǂKunkwe) of the Warrenton area, recorded by Carl Meinhof, and the ǁŨǁʼe dialect (also rendered ǁKu-ǁʼe or ǁKuǁe),[3] spoken near Theunissen and Bethany in South Africa and into Lesotho, recorded by Dorothea Bleek.[4]

Vaal–Orange
Seroa
Region	South Africa, Lesotho
Extinct	20th century
Language family	Tuu ǃKwi Vaal–Orange
Dialects	ǂUngkue ǁŨǁʼe
Language codes
ISO 639-3	Either: gku – ǂUngkue kqu – Seroa (partial: ǁŨǁʼe)
Glottolog	kuee1238  ǁKuǁe[1] vaal1235  Vaal–Orange[2]

The name "Vaal–Orange" comes from the Vaal and Orange Rivers, which converge where ǂUngkue dialect was spoken. Seroa is the Sesotho name, literally "language of the Baroa (Bushmen)".

Like ǀXam, ǂUngkue used 'inclusory' pronouns for compound subjects:

ǃhoeti	nan	koro	nan	tuē	n	a	‖ʼa
lion	and	jackal	and	ostrich	they	?PAST	go

'The lion and jackal and ostrich, they went'. (Meinhof 1929)

References

1. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "ǁKuǁe". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
2. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Vaal–Orange". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
3. Distinguish ǁNg ǃʼe, a form of Nǁng, and Nǀhuǁéi, which is a variety of Taa.
4. Tom Güldemann (2011) "The Lower Nossob varieties of Tuu: ǃUi, Taa or neither?"

• Structural isoglosses between Khoekhoe and Tuu: the Cape as a linguistic area by Tom Güldemann