Rosa chinensis

Rosa chinensis (Chinese: 月季; pinyin: yuèjì), known commonly as the China rose[2] or Chinese rose,[3] alternatively known as Bengal rose[4][5] or Bengal Crimson or Bengal Beauty[6] is a member of the genus Rosa native to Southwest China in Guizhou, Hubei, and Sichuan Provinces. The first publication of Rosa chinensis was in 1768 by Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin in Observationum Botanicarum, 3, p. 7, p. 55.

Rosa chinensis
A double-flowered cultivar
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Rosales
Family: Rosaceae
Genus: Rosa
Species:
R. chinensis
Binomial name
Rosa chinensis
Synonyms[1]
  • Rosa bengalensis Pers.
  • Rosa diversifolia Vent.
  • Rosa indica auct. non L.
  • Rosa laurentiae Tratt.
  • Rosa lawranceana Sweet
  • Rosa longifolia Willd.
  • Rosa mutabilis Correvon
  • Rosa nankinensis Lour.
  • Rosa nanula Hoffmanns.
  • Rosa rouletii Correvon
  • Rosa semperflorens W.M.Curtis

Description

It is a shrub that reaches 1–2 m and grows in hedges or forms thickets. The leaves are pinnate, have 3–5 leaflets, each leaflet 2.5–6 cm long and 1–3 cm broad. In the wild species (sometimes listed as Rosa chinensis var. spontanea), the flowers have five pink to red petals. The fruit is a red hip 1–2 cm diameter. The strong, stalk-round branches have an almost bare, purplish-brown bark and there may be many to no curved, stocky, flat spines. The alternately arranged leaves are divided into petiole and leaf blade and a total of 5 to 11 inches long.

The petiole and the rhachis are sparsely spiked and glandular-fluffy hairy. The pinnate leaf blades usually have three or five, rarely seven pinna leaflet. The leaflets are at a length of 2.5 to 6 centimeters and a width of 1 to 3 centimeters wide ovate or ovate-oblong with weak-rounded or broad-wedge-shaped base, more or less long tapered upper end and sharply sawn edge. The leaf top is shiny dark green and leaves are almost bare. The stipulesare fused with the petiole on most of their length. The free area of the stipules is rooted, having entire margins with pointed upper end and often glandular-fluffy hairy.[7]

Inflorescence
Rosa chinensis 'Old Blush'

The flowering time ranges in China from April to September. Rarely, the flowers are solitary, usually four or five bundles together. The 2.5 to 6 cm long pedicel is hairy almost bald or glandular-fluffy. The one to three bare bracts are linear with a pointed upper end and smooth or glandular margin. The flowers have a mild fragrance.

The hermaphrodite flowers have radial symmetry with a diameter of 4 to 5 centimeters and are divided with double perianth. There are cultivated forms with simple to more or less strongly filled flowers, which are also wild in China and other areas of temperate latitudes. The bald flower cup (hypanthium) is egg-shaped-spherical or pear-shaped. The early dropping sepals are ovate or sometimes foliage-like, simple or lobed with a dished upper end and bald on the underside and hairy on the top shaggy.

The depending on the form five to several or many petals are white over pink to red or purple, obovate with a wedge-shaped base and a polished upper end. There are many stamens present. The free, hairy styluses tower over the petals and are almost as long as the stamens. In China, the rose hips ripen from June to November and turn red. The bald rose hip is egg-shaped or pear-shaped with a diameter of 1 to 2 centimeters.[8]

Cultivation

Various forms of Rosa chinensis have been cultivated in gardens in China for a long time; therefore it is not easy to separate between wild forms and cultivated forms. Many varieties of garden roses have been bred from Rosa chinensis. The species is extensively cultivated as an ornamental plant, originally in China, and numerous cultivars have been selected which are known as the China roses. It has also been extensively interbred with Rosa gigantea to produce Rosa × odorata and by further hybridization the tea roses and hybrid tea roses, and is the source of the so-called "rising" varieties, that is to say, with continuous flowering, or blooming in summer.[9]

Varieties

Three varieties of the species are recognized in the Flora of China:[10]

  • R. chinensis var. chinensis, originated in cultivation, with red petals
  • R. chinensis var. spontanea, native to Guizhou, Hubei, and Sichuan, with red petals
  • R. chinensis var. semperflorens (Curtis) Koehne, originated in cultivation, with dark red or purple petals

Uses

Cultivars developed from Rosa chinensis have been important in the breeding of many modern garden roses by providing the repeat-blooming characteristic, although this is not a feature of the wild species.[11] The many forms of Rosa chinensis are also used in many other ways. The young vegetative plant parts, flower buds and flowers are brewed and eaten as a kitchen herb, for example, as a soup. From the rosehips, a thin fleshy layer that surrounds the seeds is eaten raw or cooked. The seed hair must be removed; It has to be handled very carefully. The seed hairs must not get into the mouth and throat. The seeds are a good source of vitamin E. The seeds can be ground and mixed with flour or added to other foods.[12]

  • 18th-century painting of two cultivars
  • A Rosa chinensis cultivar
  • Rosa chinensis 'Viridiflora', in which the petals are replaced with leaves (phyllody)
  • Botanical illustration
  • Rose 'Bengal Red'

See also

References
  1. "The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species". Retrieved 28 December 2014.
  2. "BSBI List 2007". Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-01-25. Retrieved 15 July 2015.
  3. "Rosa chinensis". Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Database. USDA. Retrieved 15 July 2015.
  4. https://books.google.de/books?id=-oTkDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT115&lpg=PT115&dq=rosa+chinensis+bengal+beauty&source=bl&ots=DrTXZYxNhp&sig=ACfU3U14L9VNo-vTOqlyHBnDvOfIi202Yg&hl=de&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwji6NLt7-PoAhUJJBoKHX9gBL04ChDoATAHegUICxCmAQ#v=onepage&q=rosa%20chinensis%20bengal%20beauty&f=false
  5. https://anipetplants.com/2019/12/bengal-rose-flower-rosa-chinensis/
  6. https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2007/jun/17/gardens
  7. Gu Cuizhi & Kenneth R. Robertson: Rosa : Rosa chinensis, p 368 - Registered text as printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi & Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China , Volume 9 - Pittosporaceae through Connaraceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2003. ISBN 1-930723-14-8
  8. Heinrich Schultheis: Roses: the best types and varieties for the garden , p. 58, Ulmer: Stuttgart 1996, ISBN 3-8001-6601-1
  9. Ute Bauer: Old Roses: History, Use, Design, Nursing Practice , p. 14, BLV: Munich 2004, ISBN 3-405-16713-2
  10. Flora of China: Rosa chinensis
  11. Phillips, R.; Rix, M. (2004). The Ultimate Guide to Roses: A Comprehensive Selection. Macmillan. ISBN 1-4050-4920-0.
  12. Wu Zheng-yi & Peter H. Raven (ed.): Flora of China , Volume 9 - Pittosporaceae through Connaraceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2003. ISBN 1-930723-14-8 (Sections Description, Occurrence and Systematics)
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