Regional forms of shamanism

Shamanism is found in many countries around the world, in different regional forms.

Map of shamanism across the world

References

1. Richard Willing. "Courts asked to consider culture An act defined as crime in USA may be common in other places. Should justice system take that into account?". USA Today. Retrieved 2004-11-01.
2. Southeast Guizhou Travel Tips – China Highlights, a division of CITS Guilin, a full service China travel agency providing China Tours
3. Midwest Communications Inc. "Day One of Cockfighting Trial Concludes". whbl. Retrieved 6 June 2015.
4. Percival Lowell, Occult Japan: Shinto, Shamanism and the Way of the Gods, Inner Traditions International (April 1990), Rochester Vt
5. Alan Mcfarlane, Japan Through the Looking Glass: Shaman to Shinto, Profile Books Ltd, Aug 2007, London England
6. "The Japan Times – News on Japan, Business News, Opinion, Sports, Entertainment and More". The Japan Times. Retrieved 6 June 2015.
7. Kim, Tae-kon (1998). Korean Shamanism—Muism. Jimoondang Publishing Company. ISBN 898809509X.
8. Lee, Jung Young (1981). Korean Shamanistic Rituals. Mouton De Gruyter. ISBN 9027933782.
9. Graham Harvey; Robert J. Wallis (5 February 2007). Historical Dictionary of Shamanism. Scarecrow Press. pp. 129–. ISBN 978-0-8108-6459-7.
10. Montague Summers (1928). The Vampire: His Kith and Kin. University Books. pp. 221–. ISBN 978-1-60506-566-3.
11. Julia Chan (8 June 2016). "Bobohizans: The shamans of Sabah teeter between old and new worlds". The Malay Mail. Retrieved 11 November 2016.
12. "Universiteit Leiden, Hanno E. Lecher". Archived from the original on 21 March 2012. Retrieved 6 June 2015.
13. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-11-06. Retrieved 2013-12-30.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
14. Gros, Stéphane (2010-05-31). "Aurélie Névot, Comme le sel, je suis le cours de l'eau: le chamanisme à écriture des Yi du Yunnan (Chine) (Like salt, I follow the current: The literate Shamanism of the Yi of Yunnan)". Retrieved 6 June 2015.
15. "ACLS: Collaborative Research Network". Archived from the original on 21 September 2011. Retrieved 6 June 2015.
16. Hangartner, judith (May 2006). "The resurgence of Darhad shamanism: Legitimisation Strategies of Rural Practitioners in mongolia". Tsantsa. 11: 111–14.
17. Hesse, Klaus (1987). "On the History of Mongolian Shamanism in Anthropological Perspective". Anthropos. 82 (4–6): 403–13. JSTOR 40463470.
18. Shimamura, Ippei (2014). The Roots seekers: Shamanism and Ethnicity Among the Mongol Buryats. Kanagawa, Japan. ISBN 978-4-86110-397-1.
19. Balogh, Matyas. "Contemporary Shamanisms in Mongolia." Asian Ethnicity 11.2 (2010): 229–38.
20. Noll, Richard. "Mongol shamans summer solstice fire ritual 21 June 2017". You Tube. Retrieved 4 July 2017.
21. https://www.esquiremag.ph/long-reads/features/the-fall-of-the-babaylan-a2017-20190318
22. William Henry Scott (1992). Looking For The Prehispanic Filipino and Other Essays in Philippine History. New Day Publishers. pp. 124–127. ISBN 978-9711005245.
23. William Henry Scott (1994). Barangay: Sixteenth Century Philippine Culture and Society. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press. ISBN 978-971-550-135-4.
24. Perry Gil S. Mallari (16 November 2013). "The complementary roles of the Mandirigma and the Babaylan". The Manila Times. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
25. McCoy, V. R. (2018). Shaman-the Dawn's People. BookBaby. ISBN 9781732187405.
26. Emma Helen Blair; James Alexander Robertson; Edward Gaylord Bourne, eds. (1904). The Philippine Islands, 1493-1803. Volume 38 (1674–1683). The Arthur H. Clark Company. pp. 114, 218.
27. United States Philippine Commission, 1900-1916 (1905). Census of the Philippine Islands, Taken Under the Director of the Philippine Commission in the Year 1903. Volume I: Geography, History, and Population. United States Bureau of the Census. p. 328.
28. Agnes M. Brazal (1996). "Inculturation: An Interpretative Model". In Jozef Lamberts (ed.). Liturgy and Inculturation: Introduction. Studies in Liturgy. 77. Peeters. ISBN 9789068318371.
29. Hoppál 2005: 13
30. Rawski, Evelyn S. (1998), The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, pp. 30, 238, 460, ISBN 0-520-22837-5
31. "S^anar [Buryat]". Retrieved 6 June 2015.
32. Hoppál 2005: 92–93
33. Hoppál, Mihály (1994). Sámánok, lelkek és jelképek (in Hungarian). Budapest: Helikon Kiadó. p. 62. ISBN 978-963-208-298-1.
34. Noll, Richard. "The Last Shaman of the Orqen of Northeast China". Shaman: Journal of the International Society for Shamanistic Research.
35. Hoppál, Mihály (2005). Sámánok Eurázsiában (in Hungarian). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó. p. 94. ISBN 978-963-05-8295-7.
36. Julian Baldick, Animal and Shaman: Ancient Religions of Central Asia (New York: University Press, 2000), 3–35
37. Marjorie Mandelstam Balzer, Shamanism: Soviet Studies of Traditional Religion in Siberia and Central Asia (New York: M.E. Sharpe, 1990), 113
38. Nora K. Chadwick, "Shamanism among the Tatars of Central Asia," The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. 66, (Jan–Jun 1936): 97–99
39. Balzer, Shamanism, 12–21
40. Andrew Boyle, John (1972). "Turkish and Mongol Shamanism in the Middle Ages". Folklore. 83 (3): 183–185. doi:10.1080/0015587x.1972.9716468.
41. Chadwick, Shamanism among the Tatars of Central Asia: 93–101
42. Price, Neil (2003-12-16). The Archaeology of Shamanism. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-52769-4.
43. Chadwick, Shamanism among the Tatars of Central Asia: 85–87
44. Balzer, Shamanism, 42–49
45. "Journeys to Other Worlds: The Rites of Shamans". American Museum of Natural History. Archived from the original on 2008-06-02.
46. Ngo Duc Thinh (2003). "Chapter 13: Len Dong: Spirits' Journeys". In Nguyen Van Huy; Laurel Kendall (eds.). Vietnam: journeys of body, mind, and spirit. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-23871-0.
47. Gulia, Kuldip Singh (2005). Human Ecology of Sikkim – A Case Study of Upper Rangit Basin. Delhi, India: Kalpaz Publications. pp. 153–154, 168. ISBN 978-81-7835-325-8.
48. "Miyako shamanism".
49. O. Lardenois, Shamanism and Catholic Indigenous Communities in Taiwan
50. Hajdú 1975: 35
51. Shi H, Qi X, Zhong H, Peng Y, Zhang X, et al. (2013) Genetic Evidence of an East Asian Origin and Paleolithic Northward Migration of Y-chromosome Haplogroup N. PLoS ONE 8(6): e66102. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0066102
52. Napolskikh, Vladimir. "Earth-Diver Myth ( А 812) in northern Eurasia and North America". Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
53. Bonnefoy, Yves, ed. (1993), "Turkish and Mongolian Shamanism", Asian Mythologies, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 329–31, ISBN 978-0-226-06456-7
54. Diószegi 1998
55. Ginzburg 1983 [1966].
56. Pócs 1999.
57. Lecouteux 2003.
58. Ginzburg 1990.
59. Sabina Magliocco. "Italian Cunning Craft: Some Preliminary Observations". Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
60. Fienup-Riordan, Ann. 1994: 206
61. Merkur 1985
62. Gabus, Jean: A karibu eszkimók. Gondolat Kiadó, Budapest, 1970. (Hungarian translation of the original: Vie et coutumes des Esquimaux Caribous, Libraire Payot Lausanne, 1944.)
63. Hoppál 2005: 15
64. Hoppál 2005: 45–50
65. Menovščikov 1996: 442
66. Kleivan & Sonne 1985
67. Vitebsky 1996
68. Freuchen 1961: 32
69. Рубцова 1954: 203, 209
70. Both death of a person and successfully hunted game require that cutting, sewing etc. be tabooed, so that the invisible soul does not get hurt accidentally (Kleivan & Sonne, pp. 18–21). In Greenland, the transgression of death tabu could turn the soul of the dead into a tupilak, a restless ghost which scared game away (Kleivan & Sonne 1985, p. 23). Animals fled from hunter in case of taboo breaches, e.g. birth taboo, death taboo (Kleivan & Sonne, pp. 12–13)
71. Kleivan, Inge; B. Sonne (1985). Eskimos: Greenland and Canada. Iconography of religions, section VIII, "Arctic Peoples", fascicle 2. Leiden, The Netherlands: Institute of Religious Iconography • State University Groningen. E.J. Brill. p. 24. ISBN 978-90-04-07160-5.
72. Kleivan 1985: 8
73. Rasmussen 1965: 366 (ch. XXIII)
74. Rasmussen 1965: 166 (ch. XIII)
75. Rasmussen 1965: 110 (ch. VIII)
76. Mauss 1979
77. Kleivan 1985: 26
78. Menovščikov 1996 [1968]: 433
79. Menovščikov 1996 [1968]: 442
80. Vitebsky 1996: 42 (ch. North America)
81. Merkur 1985:7
82. Kleivan & Sonne 1985: 14
83. Rubcova 1954: 128
84. Kleivan & Sonne 1985: 27
85. Kleivan & Sonne 1985: 30–31
86. Jones, Peter N. 2008 Shamans and Shamanism: A Comprehensive Bibliography of the Terms Use in North America. Boulder, Colorado: Bauu Press.
87. "Beneath the Underdog: Race, Religion, and the Trail of Tears". The missionaries, and especially those of the American Board, established a basic position of neutrality "between two fires" and as the Bible did not explicitly condemn slavery, they accepted "all to our communion who give evidence that they love the Lord Jesus Christ."
88. Celia Haig-Brown. Resistance and Renewal: Surviving the Indian Residential School. p. 104. we were all talking Shuswap. ... She said to us, 'You're never to get caught talking your language ... You'll get whipped;you'll really get punished' ... So we were careful after that not to be caught speaking. ... When we were way out there, we'd talk together in our language.
89. "Christian Aboriginal Infrastructure Developments".
90. Dean, Bartholomew 2009 Urarina Society, Cosmology, and History in Peruvian Amazonia, Gainesville: University Press of Florida ISBN 978-0-8130-3378-5
91. Salak, Kira. "Hell and Back". National Geographic Adventure.
92. VanWagenen, Bradford Carr (20 May 2011). The shaman's mesa: a model of individuation (PhD). Pacifica Graduate Institute. Some of these mesas, like those of the Q'ero shamans, contain a dozen sacred objects; others, typical of the north-coastal shamans of Peru, contain over one hundred objects.
93. Joralemen, D. and D. Sharon 1993 Sorcery and Shamanism: Curanderos and Clients in Northern Peru. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.
94. Dean, Bartholomew 1998 "Review of Sorcery and Shamanism: Curanderos and Clients in Northern Peru" American Ethnologist. 25(1): 61–62.
95. Reichel-Dolmatoff 1997
96. Boglár 2001: 26
97. Gerardo Reichel-Dolmatoff: A View from the Headwaters. The Ecologist, Vol. 29 No. 4, July 1999.
98. Christine Hugh-Jones 1980
99. Stephen Hugh-Jones 1980
100. Fock 1963: 16
101. "Trance and Shamanic Cure on the South American Continent: Psychopharmalogical and Neurobiological Interpretations", Anthropology of Consciousness, Vol. 21, Issue 1, pp. 83-105, ISSN 1053-4202, 2010)
102. Gusinde 1966, pp. 6–7
103. Service, Elman: The Hunter. Prentice-Hall, 1966.
104. "Extinct Ancient Societies Tierra del Fuegians".
105. Gusinde 1966: 175
106. "Patagonia, Tierra Del Fuego, cruising; The Yagan and Ona Indians". Archived from the original on 14 June 2015. Retrieved 6 June 2015.
107. Gusinde 1966: 15
108. Gusinde 1966: 156
109. Gusinde 1966: 186
110. Salak, Kira (2004). Amazon.com listing for the "Four Corners: A Journey into the Heart of Papua New Guinea". ISBN 978-0-7922-7417-9.
111. Salak, Kira. "Kira Salak's official webpage on "Four Corners"".
112. Salak, Kira. "Making Rain – from Four Corners".
113. Eugene L. Mendonsa : The Politics of Divination : a Processual View of Reactions to Illness and Deviance among the Sisala. University of California Press, Berkeley, 1982. p. 112
114. David M Cumes "Africa in my bones" p. 14
115. Susan Schuster Campbell "Called to Heal" p. 38
116. Susan Schuster Campbell "Called to Heal" p. 79
117. David M Cumes "Africa in my bones" p. 10
118. "Karanga mythology [Zimbabwe]".
119. Nadel, S.F. (1941). "A Shaman Cult in the Nuba Mountains". Sudan Notes and Records. 24 (1): 85–112.
120. Nadel, S.F. (1946). "A Study of Shamanism in the Nuba Mountains". Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute. 76 (1): 25–37. doi:10.2307/2844307. JSTOR 2844307.
121. Hanegraaff, Wouter J. (2014), "Entheogenic Esotericism", in Asprem, Egil; Granholm, Kennet (eds.), Contemporary Esotericism, London: Routledge, ISBN 978-1-908049-32-2, ...what is now known as neoshamanism emerged during the 1960s as a movement dominatedby enthusiasm for natural psychoactives...
122. Visual Magic:A Manual of Freestyle Shamanism:Jan Fries ISBN 1-869928-57-1
123. ULL – Universidad de La Laguna Archived 2012-01-20 at the Wayback Machine (in Spanish)
124. "Ca-Com". Retrieved 6 June 2015.

Sources

• Diószegi, Vilmos (1998) [1958]. A sámánhit emlékei a magyar népi műveltségben (in Hungarian) (first reprint ed.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó. ISBN 978-963-05-7542-3.
• Hajdú, Péter (1975). "A rokonság nyelvi háttere". In Hajdú, Péter (ed.). Uráli népek. Nyelvrokonaink kultúrája és hagyományai (in Hungarian). Budapest: Corvina Kiadó. ISBN 978-963-13-0900-3.
• Hoppál, Mihály (1994). Sámánok, lelkek és jelképek (in Hungarian). Budapest: Helikon Kiadó. ISBN 978-963-208-298-1.
• Hoppál, Mihály (1998). "A honfoglalók hitvilága és a magyar samanizmus". Folklór és közösség (in Hungarian). Budapest: Széphalom Könyvműhely. pp. 40–45. ISBN 978-963-9028-14-2.
• Hoppál, Mihály (2005). Sámánok Eurázsiában (in Hungarian). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó. ISBN 978-963-05-8295-7.
• Hugh-Jones, Christine (1980). From the Milk River : spatial and temporal processes in northwest Amazonia. Cambridge New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-22544-1. OCLC 4492309.
• Kleivan, Inge; B. Sonne (1985). Eskimos: Greenland and Canada. Iconography of religions, section VIII, "Arctic Peoples", fascicle 2. Leiden, The Netherlands: Institute of Religious Iconography • State University Groningen. E.J. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-07160-5.
• Menovščikov, G.A. (= Г. А. Меновщиков) (1968). "Popular Conceptions, Religious Beliefs and Rites of the Asiatic Eskimoes". In Diószegi, Vilmos (ed.). Popular beliefs and folklore tradition in Siberia. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó.
• Riordan, Ann (1994). Boundaries and passages : rule and ritual in Yup'ik Eskimo oral tradition. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-2646-3. OCLC 44957442.