McBurney v. Young
McBurney v. Young, 569 U.S. 221 (2013), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court upheld Virginia and all states' right to restrict Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) requests to citizens. The court rejected claims that this restriction is in violation of Privileges or Immunities Clause because FOIA requests are not a "fundamental" privilege or immunity of citizenship. The court also upheld that Virginia FOIA does not violate the Dormant Commerce Clause. The "common thread" among this Court's dormant Commerce Clause cases is that the State interfered with the natural functioning of the interstate market either through prohibition or thorough burdensome regulation. Virginia's FOIA, by contrast, neither prohibits access to an interstate market nor imposes burdensome regulation on that market.
| McBurney v. Young | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Argued Feb. 20, 2013 Decided April 29, 2013 | |
| Full case name | Mark J. McBurney, et al. v. Nathaniel L. Young, Deputy Commissioner and Director, Virginia Division of Child Support Enforcement |
| Docket no. | 12-17 |
| Citations | 569 U.S. 221 (more) 133 S. Ct. 1709; 185 L. Ed. 2d 758 |
| Case history | |
| Prior | Motion to dismiss granted, McBurney v. Mims, No. 3:09-cv-44, 2009 WL 1209037 (E.D. Va. Apr. 29, 2009); reversed in part and remanded sub. nom., McBurney v. Cuccinelli, 616 F.3d 393 (4th Cir. 2010); summary judgment granted, 780 F. Supp. 2d 439 (E.D. Va. 2011); affirmed, 667 F.3d 454 (4th Cir. 2012); cert. granted, 568 U.S. 936 (2012). |
| Holding | |
| States can limit Freedom of Information Act requests exclusively to citizens | |
| Court membership | |
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| Case opinions | |
| Majority | Alito, joined by unanimous |
| Concurrence | Thomas |
Background
Petitioners Mark J. McBurney and Roger W. Hurlbert are citizens of Rhode Island and California respectively. McBurney and Hurlbert each requested documents under the Virginia FOIA, but their requests were denied because of their citizenship.
McBurney is a former resident of Virginia whose ex-wife is a Virginia citizen. After his ex-wife defaulted on her child support obligations, McBurney asked the Commonwealth's Division of Child Support Enforcement to file a petition for child support on his behalf. The agency complied, but only after a 9-month delay. McBurney attributes that delay to agency error and says that it cost him nine months of child support. To ascertain the reason for the agency's delay, McBurney filed a Virginia FOIA request seeking “all emails, notes, files, memos, reports, letters, policies, opinions” pertaining to his family, along with all documents “regarding [his] application for child support” and all documents pertaining to the handling of child support claims like his. The agency denied McBurney's request on the ground that he was not a Virginia citizen. McBurney later requested the same documents under Virginia's Government Data Collection and Dissemination Practices Act, and through that request he received most of the information he had sought that pertained specifically to his own case. He did not, however, receive any general policy information about how the agency handled claims like his.[1]
Hurlbert is the sole proprietor of Sage Information Services, a business that requests real estate tax records on clients’ behalf from state and local governments across the United States. In 2008, Hurlbert was hired by a land/title company to obtain real estate tax records for properties in Henrico County, Virginia. He filed a Virginia FOIA request for the documents with the Henrico County Real Estate Assessor's Office, but his request was denied because he was not a Virginia citizen.[1]
Opinion of the Court
Justice Alito delivered the majority opinion of the unanimous Court. Justice Thomas additionally submitted a concurring opinion. Alito examines whether Virginia Freedom of Information Act violates either the Privileges and Immunities Clause of the Constitution or the dormant Commerce Clause. The Virginia Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), provides that "all public records shall be open to inspection and copying by any citizens of the Commonwealth," but it grants no such right to non-Virginians.
Petitioners, who are citizens of other States, unsuccessfully sought information under the Act and then brought this constitutional challenge. We hold, however, that petitioners’ constitutional rights were not violated. By means other than the state FOIA, Virginia made available to petitioners most of the information that they sought, and the Commonwealth's refusal to furnish the additional information did not abridge any constitutionally protected privilege or immunity. Nor did Virginia violate the dormant Commerce Clause. The state Freedom of Information Act does not regulate commerce in any meaningful sense, but instead provides a service that is related to state citizenship. For these reasons, we affirm the decision of the Court of Appeals rejecting petitioners’ constitutional claims.[1]
Justice Thomas while concurring with the opinion of the court, specifically criticizes the relevance of the dormant Commerce Clause in the US Constitution stating “The negative Commerce Clause has no basis in the text of the Constitution, makes little sense, and has proved virtually unworkable in application, and, consequently, cannot serve as a basis for striking down a state statute.”
External links
- Text of McBurney v. Young, 569 U.S. 221 (2013) is available from: CourtListener Justia Oyez (oral argument audio) Supreme Court (slip opinion)