Martyrs of Compiègne

The Martyrs of Compiègne were the 16 members of the Carmel of Compiègne, France: 11 Discalced Carmelite nuns, three lay sisters, and two externs (or tertiaries). They were executed by the guillotine towards the end of the Reign of Terror, at what is now the Place de la Nation in Paris on July 17, 1794. They are the first martyrs killed during the French Revolution recognized as saints. They were beatified in 1902 and canonized in 1906. Their feast day is July 17.

The Martyrs of Compiègne
Stained glass window in the Church of Our Lady of Mount Carmel, Norfolk, England
Born1715–1765
Died17 July 1794, Place du Trône Renversé (modern day Place de la Nation), Paris, France
Martyred byThe Committee of Public Safety of the National Convention of Revolutionary France
Venerated inCarmelite Order
Beatified27 May 1906, by Pope Pius X
Feast17 July
Notable martyrsBlessed Teresa of St. Augustine, O.C.D.

The French Revolutionary government passed the Civil Constitution of the Clergy, which outlawed religious life, in 1790. The Carmelite sisters living at the convent in Compiègne were allowed to remain there as wards of the state, which they did, until the end of 1791, when all clergy were forced to swear a civic oath. In 1792, the government ordered all women's monasteries closed; the sister were forced to leave their convent, hide in the city, and wear civilian clothes, since the wearing of habits and religious apparel had been outlawed. They continued to live as a community anyway, despite the government's orders. In 1794, after the start of the Reign of Terror, the sisters were arrested, tried, found guilty of treason, and sentence to death by the guillotine. They were executed on the night of July 17, 1794. They considered their deaths as a sacrifice for France and for the French Church. They went to their death singing "hymns of praise";[1] their final song was Psalm 117, "Laudate Dominum". Their prioress, Mother Teresa of St. Augustine, was the last to die.

Ten days after their martyrdom, Maximilien Robespierre was executed himself, ending the Reign of Terror.[1][2] The Martyrs of Compiègne might have "helped bring about the end to the horrors of the revolution"[1] and hastened the end of the Reign of Terror. Their story has inspired a novella, an un-produced film, and an opera, Dialogues of the Carmelites, written by French composer Francis Poulenc. As of 2019, the Metropolitan Opera had performed the opera 59 times, first in English, then in its original French, since its premiere in 1977, to sold-out audiences.

History
The Conciergerie, the prison the sisters were held while awaiting trial

According to writer William Bush, the number of Christian martyrs greatly expanded in the early years of the French Revolution. Thousands of Christians were killed by the guillotine, as well as by mass deportations, drownings, imprisonments, shootings, mob violence, and "sheer butchery".[3] In 1790, the French Revolutionary government passed the Civil Constitution of the Clergy, which outlawed religious life.[1]

The community of Carmelite sisters at Compiègne, a commune in northern France, 35 km north of Paris, was founded in 1641, a daughter house of the monastery in Amiens. The community grew rapidly, and "was renowned for its fervor and fidelity".[4] It was supported by the French court from its beginnings, until interrupted by the French Revolution, which was hostile towards religion and the Catholic Church.[4] Shortly after Bastille Day, on August 4, 1790, government officials, with armed guards, interviewed each sister at their convent in Compiègne and forced them to choose between breaking their vows or risking further punishment. They all refused to abandon their lives of obedience, chastity, and poverty.[1][5] They were allowed to stay at the convent, becoming wards of the state, which entitled them to receive government pensions. The revolutionary government, at the end of 1791, required all clergy to swear a civic oath supporting the Civil Constitution or risk losing their pensions and becoming destitute. At Easter in 1792, the government plundered churches and interrupted services; it was the last Easter the sisters celebrated at Compiègne. Mother Teresa of St. Augustine, the convent's prioress, suggested to the community that they commit themselves to martyrdom, and offer themselves as a sacrifice for France and for the French Church.[6] She almost missed participating in the sacrifice she proposed because she had to return to her family's home in Paris to care for her elderly, widowed mother. She returned to Compiègne four days before their martyrdom and along with the rest of the sisters, was arrested.[7]

In August 1792, the government ordered all women's monasteries closed; the seizure and removal of the Compiègne convent's furnishings occurred on September 12, and the sisters were forced to leave the convent and re-enter the world on September 14, the end of their cloistered community. Mother Teresa made arrangements for the 20 sisters living in the convent at the time to hide in the city in four separate apartments and find civilian clothes for them to wear, since the wearing of habits and religious apparel had been outlawed.[8][9] They were dependent on the charity of friends, and "courageously continued to practice community prayer",[1] despite the government's orders.

In 1794, after the Reign of Terror began, the government searched the sisters' apartments for two days; they found letters revealing their "crimes" against the Revolution, which included hostility to the Revolution, strong sympathies to the monarchy, and evidence that they continued to live as a community of consecrated Christian women.[10] They also found two letters written by "the unfortunate"[11] Mulot de la Ménardière to his cousin, Sister Euphrasia of the Immaculate Conception, containing unfavorable criticisms of the Revolution. Mulot was accused of helping them and of being a non-juring priest, even though he was married, and was arrested and imprisoned with the sisters.[12] On June 22, the sisters and Mulot were arrested and locked up in the former convent of the Visitation, an improvised jail for political prisoners in Compiègne. On July 10, 1794, they were transferred to the Conciergerie Prison in Paris to await trial.[1][13][9] The sisters recanted their civic oath while in prison.[9][14]

During their trial on July 17, 1794, in which they received no legal counsel,[9] Sister Mary-Henrietta tried to force the prosecutor to define the word "fanatic", one of the charges against them. She pretended she did not know what the word meant, thus getting him to admit the their fanaticism was due to their religion, which made them "criminals and annihilators of public freedom".[15] Mother Teresa claimed full responsibility for the charges of being counter-revolutionaries and religious fanatics, and defended and insisted on the others' innocence.[16] All 16 sisters, along with Mulot, were sentenced to death.[1] At one point, while waiting for the transportation from the Conciergerie to the site of their executions, one of the nuns, Sister St. Louis, after consulting with Mother Teresa, bartered a fur wrap she owned for a cup of chocolate for the sisters to drink from to give them strength after not being able to eat anything all day.[17] There were 26 nights between their arrest and execution.[18]

Martyrdom
Plaque at Picpus Cemetery dedicated to the Martyrs of Compiègne

On the night of July 17, 1794, the sisters were transported through the streets of Paris in an open cart, a journey that took two hours. During that time, they sang "hymns of praise",[1] including the Miserere, the Salve Regina, the evening vespers, and the Compline. Other sources state that they sang a combination of the Office of the Dead, the vespers, the Compline, and other shorter texts.[19] Onlookers berated them, yelling insults and throwing things at them. While waiting to be executed, a sympathetic woman from the crowd offered the sisters water, but Sister Mary-Henrietta stopped one sister from accepting, insisting that it would break their unity and promising that they would drink when they were in heaven.[20][15] A crowd gathered, as usual, at the Place du Trône Renversé (now called Place de la Nation),[20] the site of the executions, to watch, but the sisters showed no fear and forgave their guards. The final song the sisters sang was Psalm 117, "Laudate Dominum".[20] Sister Constance, a novice, the youngest of the group and the first to die, "spontaneously"[21] began the chant, but it was cut short by the guillotine blade. Each sister joined her and were silenced in the same way.[21]

The crowd became quiet[20] as each sister approached Mother Teresa, kissed the statue of the Virgin Mary she held in her hands, and asked her for permission to die. After watching each sister die, she was the last one to place her head under the guillotine.[1] Each sister knelt and chanted the "Veni Creator Spiritus" before their execution, "as at a profession",[20] then renewed their baptismal and religious vows. Sister Charlotte, who at 78 years of age, was the oldest sister. She walked with a crutch and was unable to stand up and get out of the cart because her hands were tied and the other sisters were unable to help her. Eventually a guard gathered her up in his arms and threw her on the street; she lay face down on the pavement stones, with no signs of life as the crowd protested the guard's treatment of her. She stirred, lifted up her blood-smeared face, and warmly thanked the guard for not killing her, "thereby depriving her of her share in her community's glorious witness for Jesus Christ".[22] Sister Mary-Henrietta stood by her prioress until it was her turn to die, helping the 14 other sisters climb the scaffold steps before climbing them herself, and was the second-to-last to die.[15] Mother Teresa died last.[20]

There are no surviving relics of the Martyrs of Compiègne because their heads and bodies were buried, along with 128 other victims executed that day, in a deep, 30-feet square sand-pit in the Picpus Cemetery.[20] Their burial site, located in the back of the cemetery, is marked with two large, gravel-covered quadrangles. The heads and torsos of the 1,306 people who were guillotined at the Place de la Nation between June 13 and July 27, 1794 are buried there. Their names, including the 16 Martyrs of Compiègne as well as Mulot de la Ménardière, are inscribed on marble plaques covering the walls of a nearby church, where prayer is offered continuously.[23] 24 other victims died with the sisters the day they were killed.[24]

Legacy

Ten days after the their deaths, Maximilien Robespierre was executed himself, ending the Reign of Terror.[1][2] The Martyrs of Compiègne, who are the first martyrs during the French Revolution recognized as saints,[20] might have "helped bring about the end to the horrors of the revolution"[1] and hastened the end of the Reign of Terror.[25] The sisters were beatified in 1902. Their feast day is July 17.[1]

The story of the Martyrs of Compiègne has inspired a novella, an non-produced film, and an opera.[2] In 1931, German writer Gertrude von le Fort, a student of Ernst Troeltsch and a convert to Catholicism, drew on a survivor's memoir to write a novella, The Song at the Scaffold, told from the viewpoint of the fictional character Blanche de la Force, "a young aristocrat haunted by fear, who seeks peace in the convent".[25] French Dominican Raymond-Leopold Bruckberger and cinematographer Phillippe Agostini developed a film based on the novella, and in 1947, they persuaded Georges Bernanos to write the dialogue. The film was never produced, but the text written by Bernanos was staged as a play that premiered in 1951 in Zurich and ran for 300 performances the following year. French composer Francis Poulenc was commissioned to write a ballet based on Bernanos' dialogue for La Scala and Casa Ricordi, but he wrote an opera instead, titled Dialogues of the Carmelites.[25] As of 2019, the Metropolitan Opera had performed the opera 59 times, first in English, then in its original French, since its premiere in 1977, to sold-out audiences.[2]

List of the martyrs
Stained glass window in the Saint-Honoré d'Eylau Church in Paris
The Carmelites of Compiègne facing the guillotine. Illustration taken from Louis David, O.S.B., 1906

The Martyrs of Compiègne consisted of 11 nuns, three lay sisters, and two externs (or tertiaries).[note 1]

Choir Nuns

  • Mother Teresa of St. Augustine, prioress (Madeleine-Claudine Ledoine). Born in Paris, September 22, 1752. Professed May 1775. She was the only child of an employee of the Paris Observatory. According to Bush, "she received every educational advantage available to young ladies of the time".[26] Her artistic and poetic gifts were cultivated; some of her work has been preserved at the Carmels of Compiègne and Sens. Her dowry to enter the convent was paid by Marie Antoinette.[26]
  • Mother St. Louis, sub-prioress (Marie-Anne [or Antoinette] Brideau). Born in Belfort, December 7, 1752. Professed Sept, 1771. Her father was a professional soldier, probably stationed at Compiègne at some point in his career.[27]
  • Mother Henriette of Jesus, ex-prioress for two terms, elected by the community in 1779 and 1782; novice mistress (Marie-Françoise Gabrielle de Croissy). Born in Paris, June 18, 1745. Professed February 1764, prioress from 1779 to 1785. Mother Henriette was the great-niece of Jean-Baptiste Colbert, King Louis XIV's minister. She had already spent half her life as a Carmelite at the time of her martyrdom, coming to Compiègne when she was 16. She was refused entrance at first by the prioress at the time because of her youth. She was sent home in Amiens for another year, and finally made her profession in 1764.[28] According to Mother Teresa, Henriette "won all hearts by her natural gentleness and affection, as might a real mother".[29] Like Mother Teresa, Henriette wrote verses and was a talented artist; her some of her works have also been preserved at the Carmels of Compiègne and Sens.[29]
  • Sister Mary of Jesus Crucified (Marie-Anne Piedcourt). Born 1715, professed 1737. According to writer John B. Wainewright, while mounting the scaffold she said, "I forgive you as heartily as I wish God to forgive me".[20]
  • Sister Charlotte of the Resurrection, ex-sub-prioress (1764 and 1778) and sacristan (Anne-Marie-Madeleine Thouret), sacristan. Born in Mouy, September 16, 1715. Professed August 1740. Sister Charlotte was the oldest sister of the group of martyrs. She "possessed a very lively mind" and was "naturally inclined towards gaiety".[30] Her father died early in her life; her mother remarried, but Sister Charlotte resented her stepfather. She entered the religious life after witnessing a tragedy at one the balls she attended as a young girl. She nursed other sickly nuns, despite the toll it took on her own body. She was miraculously healed after toxic exposure to paint lead left her seriously cognitively impaired for two years.[31]
  • Sister Euphrasia of the Immaculate Conception (Marie-Claude Cyprienne). Born in 1736 in Bourth. Professed in 1757; entered Compiègne in 1756, at the age of 20. She was witty, humorous, and "possessed an undeniable exterior charm".[32] Sister Euphrasia wrote priests and others in the religious life for spiritual direction and "left a voluminous correspondence"[33] during her 30 years in the community. Her letters reveal "a strong personality plagued by a certain restlessness, something always potentially problematic in a cloistered community".[33]
  • Sister Teresa of the Sacred Heart of Mary (Marie-Antoniette Hanisset). Born in Rheims in 1740 or 1742. Professed in 1764. She was the daughter of a saddle maker. She served as the carmel's interior turn sister, receiving goods for the community from the outside world.[34]
  • Sister Julie Louise of Jesus, widow (Rose-Chrétien de la Neuville). Born in Loreau (or Évreux), in 1741. Professed probably in 1777. She had married a cousin despite her calling to the religious life. After her husband died prematurely, she became so depressed and disconsolate, she went into deep mourning, to the point that her family feared for her sanity. She received help from a cleric associated with her family and recovered with a new sense of her calling. She wrote five stanzas of verse for her and her sisters to recite as they prepared for their deaths.[35]
  • Sister Teresa of St. Ignatius (Marie-Gabrielle Trézel) Born in Compiègne, April 4, 1743. Professed in 1771. She was a native of Compiègne. She was called "a mystic with a sense of the Absolute".[23]
  • Sister Mary-Henrietta of Providence (Anne Petras). Born in Cajarc, June 17, 1760. Professed in October 1786. Sister Mary-Henrietta, before joining the Carmelite order, was a member of the Sisters of Charity of Nevers. She was afraid "her natural beauty might prove a danger in a congregation where she was constantly exposed to the outside world",[36] so she sought a more cloistered life. She came from a large, pious family; five of her sisters were also nuns in the Nevers order, and two of her brothers were priests.[36]
  • Sister Constance of St. Denis, novice (Marie-Geneviève Meunier). Born in Saint-Denis, May 28, 1765 or 1766. Sister Constance was the youngest member of the community. She was barred from making her final vows as a nun due to the revolutionary laws outlawing it, so she professed them to Mother Teresa before going to her death.[37] When it became obvious to her family that she would not be able to legally profess her vows, they sent her brother to force her to return home. She refused, so he brought in the police, but they were convinced that she was in Compiègne by her own choice and did not force her to leave with her brother.[38]

Lay Sisters

  • Sister St. Martha, lay sister (Marie Dufour). Born in Beaune, October 1 or 2, 1742. Entered the community in 1772.
  • Sister Mary of the Holy Spirit, lay sister (Angélique Roussel). Born in Fresnes, August 4, 1742. Professed in 1769.
  • Sister St. Francis Xavier (Julie Vérolot), lay sister. Born in Laignes or Lignières, January 11, 1764. Professed in 1789. She was illiterate, but she "distinguished herself as much by her youthful zeal and good humor as by her terse expressions of love for Jesus Christ".[39] In the convent, her main task was to care for the older nuns.[40]

Externs

  • Catherine Soiron, born in 1742.
  • Thérèse Soiron, born in 1748. Both had been tertiaries in service of the community since 1772.

Notes
  1. From Wainewright unless otherwise specified.[20]

References
  1. "Who are the Martyrs of Compiegne?". Catholic News Agency. 17 July 2020. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
  2. Purdy, Christopher (8 May 2019). "Opera Abbreviated: Poulenc's 'Dialogues of the Carmelites'". WOSU Radio. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
  3. Bush, p. 1
  4. "The Carmelite Martyrs of Compiegne (martyred in 1794)". Lafayette, Louisiana: Discalced Carmelites of Lafayette. Retrieved 13 August 2020.
  5. Bush, p. 83
  6. Bush, pp. 87–88
  7. Bush, p. 155
  8. Bush, p. 89
  9. Walsh, Michael J. (2007). A New Dictionary of Saints: East and West. Collegeville, Minnesota: Liturgical Press. p. 400. ISBN 978-0-8146-3186-7. OCLC 124159625.
  10. Bush, p. 165
  11. Bush, p. 191
  12. Bush, pp. 59–60
  13. Bush, p. 167
  14. Bush, p. 103
  15. Bush, p. 63
  16. Bush, pp. 177-179
  17. Bush, p. 197
  18. Bush, p. 162
  19. Bush, pp. 175-176
  20. Wainewright, John Bannerman (1913). "The Sixteen Blessed Teresian Martyrs of Compiègne". In Herbermann, Charles George (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 14. New York: Encyclopedia Press, Inc. p. 517.
  21. Bush, p. 15
  22. Bush, p. 77
  23. Bush, p. 79
  24. Bush, p. 117
  25. O’Donovan, Leo (8 July 2019). "The harrowing story of French nuns killed by the guillotine returns to the Metropolitan Opera". America: The Jesuit Review. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
  26. Bush, p. 31
  27. Bush, p. 57
  28. Bush, pp. 55–56
  29. Bush, p. 56
  30. Bush, p. 74
  31. Bush, p. 76
  32. Bush, p. 58
  33. Bush, p. 60
  34. Bush, p. 78
  35. Bush, pp. 34–35
  36. Bush, p. 62
  37. Bush, p. 15
  38. Bush, pp. 70–71
  39. Bush, p. 66
  40. Bush, p. 67


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