List of predecessors of sovereign states in Asia

This is a list of all present sovereign states in Asia and their predecessors. The boundaries of Asia are culturally determined, as there is no clear geographical separation between it and Europe, which together form one continuous landmass called Eurasia. The most commonly accepted boundaries place Asia to the east of the Suez Canal, the Ural River, and the Ural Mountains, and south of the Caucasus Mountains (or the Kuma–Manych Depression) and the Caspian and Black Seas.[1][2]

Sovereign state Predecessors
Afghanistan Durrani Empire (1747–1826)
Emirate of Afghanistan (1823–1926)
Kingdom of Afghanistan (1926–1973)
Republic of Afghanistan (1973–1978)
Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (1978–1992) (renamed as "Republic of Afghanistan" in 1987)[3]
Islamic State of Afghanistan (1992–2001) and Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001) (Taliban-ruled state)[4]
Afghan Interim Administration (2001–2002) (provisional government)
Afghan Transitional Administration (2002–2004) (provisional government)
 Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (2004–present)
Armenia Achaemenid Empire (549 BC-330 BC)
Kingdom of Armenia (330 BC-428 AD)
Safavid Empire
Afsharid Empire
Qajar Empire
Ottoman Empire
Russian Empire (1828–1917)
Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic (1918)
First Republic of Armenia (1918–1920)
Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (1920–1922)
Federative Union of Socialist Soviet Republics of Transcaucasia (1922–1936) (republic of the Soviet Union)
 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)
Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (1936–1990) (republic of the Soviet Union)
Republic of Armenia (1990–1995) (republic of the Soviet Union to 1991)
 Republic of Armenia (1995–present)
Azerbaijan Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (1918–1920)
Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic (1920–1922)
Federative Union of Socialist Soviet Republics of Transcaucasia (1922–1936) (republic of the Soviet Union)
Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic[5] (1936–1991) (republic of the Soviet Union)
 Republic of Azerbaijan (1991–present)
Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast (1923–1991)
 Nagorno-Karabakh Republic (1991–2017)
 Republic of Artsakh (2017–present)
Bahrain Emirate of Bahrain and its Dependencies (1783–1971; since 1820 part of the Trucial States under British protection)
State of Bahrain (1971–2002)
 Kingdom of Bahrain (2002–present)
Bangladesh Company rule in India (1757–1858)
British India (1858–1947)
Dominion of Pakistan (1947–1956)
Islamic Republic of Pakistan (1956–1971) (as East Pakistan)[6]
 People's Republic of Bangladesh (1971–present)
Bhutan  Kingdom of Bhutan (1907–present)
Brunei Bruneian Empire (7th Century–1888)
Protectorate of Brunei (1888–1984) (British protectorate)
 Brunei Darussalam (official English full name; full name in Malay Negara Brunei Darussalam, which means "Nation of Brunei, the Abode of Peace") (1984–present)
Cambodia Chenla (550–802)
Angkor Empire (802–1431)
Kingdom of Cambodia (1431–1863) and Kingdom of Siam (1782–1867)
French Protectorate of Cambodia (1863–1953) (member of French Indochina 1887–1953)
French Indochina (1887–1946) (federation of existing French colonies)
Kingdom of Cambodia (1953–1970)
Khmer Republic (1970–1975)
Democratic Kampuchea (1975–1982)
People's Republic of Kampuchea (1979–1989)
Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea (1982–1990, de jure government of Cambodia)
State of Cambodia (1989–1993) and United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (1992–1993)
National Government of Cambodia (1990–1993)
 Kingdom of Cambodia (1993–present)
Greater China Mainland China

 Qin dynasty (221 BC-206 BC)

 Han dynasty (206 BC-220 AD)
 Three Kingdoms (220–280)
 Jin dynasty (265–420)
 North and South dynasties (386–590)
 Sui (581–618)
 Great Tang (618–907)
 Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period (907–960)
 Liao dynasty (907–1125), Song dynasty (960–1279) and Jin dynasty (1115–1234)[7]
 Mongol Empire (1206–1368) and Great Yuan[8] (1271–1368)
 Great Ming (1368–1644)
Great Qing[9] (1644–1912)
Republic of China (1912–1949) (Beiyang government 1912–1928) (Nationalist government 1925–1948) (Retreated to Taiwan in 1949, still holds partial control of Fujian)
 People's Republic of China (1949–present)

Island of Taiwan

See also: Political status of Taiwan, Taiwan independence movement, and Chinese unification

 Kingdom of Middag (17th century) (coalition of Taiwanese indigenous tribes; limited historical records)
Dutch Formosa (1624–1662) (first non-indigenous regime on the island of Taiwan)
Spanish Formosa (1626–1642) (initially coexisted with Dutch Formosa, then annexed by Dutch Formosa)
Kingdom of Tungning (1661–1683) (successor to Dutch Formosa; first ethnic-Chinese regime in Taiwan)
Qing Taiwan (1683–1895) (dependency of the Qing dynasty; 'Taiwan Prefecture' 1684–1887; 'Taiwan Province' 1887–1895)
Republic of Formosa (1895) (proto-state; existed for approximately five months)
Japanese Taiwan (1895–1945) (dependency of the Empire of Japan)
Chinese Taiwan (1945–1949) (dependency of the Republic of China (1912–1949))
Taiwan (Republic of China) (1949–present) (state with limited recognition)

Cyprus Vilayet of the Archipelago (1867–1912) (vilayet of the Ottoman Empire)
Crown Colony of Cyprus (1914–1960)
 Republic of Cyprus (1960–present)
Provisional Turkish Cypriot Administration (1967–1974)
Autonomous Turkish Cypriot Administration (1974–1975)
Turkish Federated State of Cyprus (1975–1983)
 Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (1983–present)
Egypt Kingdom of Egypt (ca. 3100 BC - 525 BC)

Ptolemaic Kingdom (305 BC–30 BC)
Tulunid Wilayah (868–905) (Vassal of the Abbasid Caliphate)
Ikhshidid Wilayah (935–969) (Vassal of the Abbasid Caliphate)
Fatimid Caliphate (969–1171)
Ayyubid Sultanate (1171-1260)
Mamluk Sultanate (1250-1570)
Ottoman Empire (1517–1914)
Khedivate of Egypt (autonomous vassal state of the Ottoman Empire - self-declared 1805-1867; formally recognized 1867–1914; under British occupation from 1882)
Sultanate of Egypt (1914–1922) (Protectorate of the United Kingdom)
Kingdom of Egypt (1922–1953)
Republic of Egypt (1953–1958)
United Arab Republic (1958–1972) (sovereign union with Syria 1958–1961; retained official name following Syria's succession 1961–1972)
 Arab Republic of Egypt (1972–present)

Georgia Kingdom of Iberia (302 BC–580 AD)
Principality of Iberia (588–1008)
Kingdom of Georgia (1008–1490)
Kingdom of Kartli (1490–1762)
Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti (1762–1800)
Russian Empire (1721–1917) (Georgian participation from 1800)
Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic (1918)
Democratic Republic of Georgia (1918–1921)
Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic (1921–1922) (republic of the Soviet Union)
Federative Union of Socialist Soviet Republics of Transcaucasia (1922–1936) (republic of the Soviet Union)
 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)
Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic (1936–1991) (republic of the Soviet Union)
Republic of Georgia (1991–1995)
 Georgia (1995–present)
Socialist Soviet Republic of Abkhazia (1921–1931)
Abkhaz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1931–1991)
 Republic of Abkhazia (1991–present)
South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast (1922–1991)
 Republic of South Ossetia (1991–present)
India Janapada(1500-600 BCE)
Mahajanapadas(600-300 BCE)
Maurya Empire (322–185 BCE)
Early classical period (200 BCE-320 CE)
Gupta Empire – Golden Age (320–550 CE)
late Classical to early medieval periods (550–1200 CE)
Late medieval period (1200–1526 CE)
Early modern period (1526–1858 CE)

 French India (1664-1962)
 Portuguese India (1505-1961)
British India (1858–1947) and Company rule in India (1757–1858)
Princely states (1947-1950)
Dominion of India (1947–1950)
 Republic of India (1950–present)

Indonesia Dutch East India Company in Indonesia (1603–1800)
Dutch East Indies (1800–1949)
Republic of the United States of Indonesia (1949–1950) (autonomous republic of the Netherlands) and Netherlands New Guinea (1949–1962)
 Republic of Indonesia (1950–present)
Iran Achaemenid Empire (549 BC-330 BC)
Seleucid Empire (312 BC–63 BC)
Parthian Empire (247 BC–224 AD)
Sasanian Empire (224–651)
Kara Koyunlu (1375–1468)
Aq Qoyunlu (1378–1501)
Safavid Empire (1501–1736)
Afsharid Empire (1736–1796)
Sublime State of Persia (1785–1925)
Imperial State of Iran (1925–1979) (renamed from "Imperial State of Persia" in 1935)
 Islamic Republic of Iran (1979–present)
Iraq Ottoman Empire (1299–1923)
Kingdom of Iraq under British Administration (1920–1932)
Kingdom of Iraq (1932–1958)
Arab Federation of Iraq and Jordan (1958)
Iraqi Republic (1958–1968)
Iraqi Republic (1968–2003)
Coalition Provisional Authority (2003–2004)
 Republic of Iraq (2004–present)
Israel Kingdom of Israel (c. 1047 BCE–930 BCE)
Mandatory Palestine (1920–1948)
 State of Israel (1948–present)
Japan Tokugawa Shogunate (1600–1868) and Ryukyu Kingdom (1429–1879)
 Empire of Japan (1868–1947)
Occupation of Japan (1947–1952)
 Japan (official English full name; Japanese referred to as Nihon-koku, literally translated as "State of Japan") (1952–present)
Jordan Ottoman Empire (1299–1923)
Occupied Enemy Territory Administration (1917–1920)
Emirate of Transjordan (1921–1946)
 Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (1946–present)
Kazakhstan Golden Horde (1240s–1456)
Kazakh Khanate (1456–1847)
 Russian Empire (1735/1860–1919)
Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (1919–1993) (independent Kazakh state in 1936)
 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)
Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic (1936–1991) (republic of the Soviet Union until 1991)
 Republic of Kazakhstan[5] (1991–present)
Korea, North Goguryeo (37 BC-668 AD)
Unified Silla (668-935)
Balhae (698–926)
Kingdom of Goryeo (918–1392)
Joseon (1392–1897)
Korean Empire (1897–1910)
Japanese Korea (1910–1945)
People's Republic of Korea (1945–1946) (provisional government in Seoul, used as basis for modern North Korean politics)
Soviet Civil Authority (1945–1948)
Provisional People's Committee for North Korea (1946–1948)
Democratic People's Republic of Korea (1948–present)
Korea, South Kingdom of Silla (57 BC-668 AD)
Kingdom of Baekje (18 BC-660 AD)
Unified Silla (668-935)
Kingdom of Goryeo (918–1392)
Joseon (1392–1897)
Korean Empire (1897–1910)
Japanese Korea (1910–1945) and Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea exile in China (1919–1948)
People's Republic of Korea (1945–1946) (provisional government in Seoul, forcibly dissolved in the South by the United States in 1946)
United States Army Military Government in Korea (1945–1948)
Republic of Korea (1948–present)
Kuwait State of Kuwait (1913–1990)
Republic of Kuwait (1990) (puppet state of Ba'athist Iraq)
Kuwait Governorate (1990–1991) (governorate of Ba'athist Iraq)
 State of Kuwait (1990–present)
Kyrgyzstan Russian Turkestan (1867–1918) (Krai of the Russian Empire)
Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1918–1924) (autonomous republic of Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic)
Kara-Kirghiz Autonomous Oblast (1924–1926) (autonomous oblast of Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic)
Kirghiz Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic (1926–1936) (autonomous republic of Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic)
 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)
Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic (1936–1991) (republic of the Soviet Union)
 Kyrgyz Republic (the name "Republic of Kyrgyzstan" adopted in 1990, changed to current in 1993) (1991–present)
Laos  Kingdom of Lan Xang (1354–1707)
Kingdom of Luang Phrabang (1707–1949), Kingdom of Champasak (1713–1904), and Kingdom of Siam (1782–1893) (Ever controlled to former Kingdom of Vientiane from 1778 until 1893),
French Protectorate of Laos (1893–1953) (constituent of French Indochina)
Kingdom of Laos (1947–1975) (French protectorate 1947–1953)
 Laos People's Democratic Republic (1975–present)
Lebanon Ottoman Empire (1299–1923)
Occupied Enemy Territory Administration (1917–1920)
State of Greater Lebanon (1920–1943) (constituent of the French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon)
 Lebanese Republic (1943–present)
Malaysia Federated Malay States (1895–1946) and Unfederated Malay States (both British protectorates)
Malayan Union (1946–1948)
Federation of Malaya (1948–1963)
 Malaysia (1963–present)
Maldives Sultanate of Maldive Islands (since 1153; Huraa Dynasty 1774–1953; 1954–1968)
 Republic of Maldive Islands (1953–1954;1968–1969)
 Republic of Maldives (1969–present)
Mongolia  Mongol Empire (1206–1368) and Yuan dynasty (1271–1368)
 Northern Yuan dynasty (1368–1635)
Qing rule in Mongolia (1635–1911)
Bogd Khanate of Mongolia (1911–1924) (partly interrupted by the Chinese Occupation of Mongolia 1919–1921)
Mongolian People's Republic (1924–1992)
 Mongolia (1992–present)
Myanmar Konbaung Dynasty (1752–1885)
British India (1858–1937)
British Burma (1937–1947)
Union of Burma (1948–1962)
Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma (1962–1988)
Union of Myanmar (1988–2011)
 Republic of the Union of Myanmar (2011–present)
Nepal  Gorkha Kingdom (1743–1768)
Kingdom of Nepal (1768–2008)
   Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal (2008–present)
Oman Sultanate of Muscat and Oman (1820–1970)
Imamate of Oman (751–1970) (constituent of Sultanate of Muscat and Oman)
 Sultanate of Oman (1970–present)
Pakistan Company rule in India (1757–1858)
British India (1858–1947)
Dominion of Pakistan (1947–1956)
 Islamic Republic of Pakistan (1956–present)
Palestine Ptolemaic Kingdom (305 BC–30 BC)
Palaestina (135–390)
Tulunid Wilayah (868–905) (Vassal of the Abbasid Caliphate)
Ikhshidid Wilayah (935–969) (Vassal of the Abbasid Caliphate)
Fatimid Caliphate (969–1171)
Ayyubid Sultanate (1171-1260)
Mamluk Sultanate (1250-1570) Ottoman Empire (1299–1923)
Occupied Enemy Territory Administration (1917–1920)
Mandatory Palestine (1920–1948)
All-Palestine Government (1948–1959), later Occupation of the Gaza Strip by Egypt (1959–1967) and Jordanian annexation of the West Bank (1948–1967)
Palestinian Liberation Organization (1964–present)
Israeli Military Governorate (1967–1981)
Israeli Civil Administration (1981–1994)
Palestinian National Authority (1994–2013)
 State of Palestine (2013–present) (claimed to be independent since 1988; an UN observer since 2013)
Philippines Kingdom of Tondo (900–1589), Confederation of Madja-as (c.1200–1569), Sultanate of Sulu (1405–1915) and Sultanate of Maguindanao (1500–1888)
Spanish East Indies (1565–1898) and British Manila (1762–1764)
United States Military Government of the Philippine Islands (1898–1902) and  República Filipina (1899–1901)
Insular Government of the Philippine Islands (1901–1935) (territory of the United States)
Commonwealth of the Philippines (1935–1946) and Second Philippine Republic (1943–1945)
 Republic of the Philippines (1946–present)
Qatar Protectorate of Qatar (1916–1971) (British protectorate)
 State of Qatar (1971–present)
Russia[10]  Grand Duchy of Moscow (1283–1547)
Tsardom of Russia (1547–1721)
Russian Empire (1721–1917)
Russian Republic (1917)
Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (1917–1991) (republic of the Soviet Union 1922–1991)
 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)
Russian Federation (1991–1993) (Retained 1978 RSFSR Constitution)
 Russian Federation (1993–present)
Saudi Arabia Emirate of Diriyah (First Saudi State) (1744–1818)
Emirate of Nejd (Second Saudi State) (1824–1891)
Emirate of Jabal Shammar (1836–1921) and Hejaz Vilayet (1872–1916)
Emirate of Nejd and Hasa (1902–1921)
Sultanate of Nejd (1921–1926), Kingdom of Hejaz (1916–1925) and Idrisid Emirate of Asir (1906–1934)
Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd (1926–1932) (dual monarchy of Hejaz and Nejd)
 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (1932–present)
Singapore Crown Colony of Singapore (1819–1826)
Straits Settlements (1926–1946)
Colony of Singapore (1946–1963)
Singapore (1963–1965) (state of Malaysia)
 Republic of Singapore (1965–present)
Sri Lanka Sinhala Kingdom (543 BC–1597)
 Kingdom of Tambapanni (543 BC–437 BC) (state founded)
 Anuradhapura Kingdom (437 BC–1017) (capital moved)
Anuradhapura from Rohana (1017–1055) (government in exile during Chola conquest)
 Kingdom of Polonnaruwa (1055–1232) (capital moved)
 Kingdom of Dambadeniya (1232–1341) (capital moved)
 Kingdom of Gampola (1341–1371) (capital moved)
 Kingdom of Kotte (1371–1597) (state disestablished)

 Kingdom of Kandy (1469–1815) (independence from the Kingdom of Kotte)
 British Ceylon (1815–1948) (Kingdom of Kandy becomes a British Colony)
 Dominion of Ceylon (1948–1972) (independence from the British Empire)
 Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka (1972–present) (renamed from "Free, Sovereign and Independent Republic of Sri Lanka" in 1978)

 Jaffna Kingdom (1232–1620) and the  Kingdom of Sitawaka (1521–1594) (during the Transitional period (1232–1597))
Syria Ottoman Empire (1299–1923)
Occupied Enemy Territory Administration (1917–1920)
Alawite State (1920–1936) and Arab Kingdom of Syria (1920)
Jabal Druze State (1921–1936) and State of Aleppo (1920–1924) and State of Damascus (1920–1924), later State of Syria (1924–1930)
Mandatory Syrian Republic (1930–1946)
Syrian Republic (1946–1958)
United Arab Republic (1958–1961)
 Syrian Arab Republic (1961–present)
 Syrian Arab Republic (opposition) (2011–present)
 Democratic Federation of Northern Syria (2013–present)
Tajikistan Russian Turkestan (1867–1918) (Krai of the Russian Empire)
Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1918–1924) (autonomous republic of Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic)
 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)
Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1924–1929) (autonomous Soviet socialist republic of the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic)
Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic (republic of the Soviet Union 1922–1991)
 Republic of Tajikistan (1991–present)
Thailand  Sukhothai Kingdom (1238–1438), Lan Na Kingdom (1292–1775), Nakhon Si Thammarat Kingdom (1st millennium–15th century)
Ayutthaya Kingdom (1350–1767)
Thonburi Kingdom (1767–1782)
Kingdom of Siam (1782–1932)
 Kingdom of Thailand (1932–present) (Be named Siam until 1939)
Timor-Leste
(East Timor)		 Portuguese Timor (1702–1975)
Timor Timur (1975–1999) (created during the Indonesian occupation of East Timor)
United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor (1999–2002)
 Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste (2002–present)
Turkey  Hittite Empire (1600 – 1178 BC)
 Phrygia (1200 – 700 BC)
Achaemenid Empire (550 – 330 BC)
Roman Republic (167–27 BC)
Roman Empire (27 BC–476 AD)
 Byzantine Empire (476–1453)

Empire of Trebizond (1204–1461)
Seljuq Empire (1037–1194)
Seljuq Sultanate of Rum (1077–1307)
Karamanids (1250–1487)
 Ottoman Empire (1299–1923)
 Republic of Turkey (1923–present)

Turkmenistan Russian Turkestan (1867–1918) (Krai of the Russian Empire)
Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1918–1924) (autonomous republic of Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic), Khorezm People's Soviet Republic (1920–1925), Bukharan People's Soviet Republic (1920–1925)
 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)
Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic (republic of the Soviet Union 1922–1991)
 Turkmenistan (1991–present)
United Arab Emirates Trucial States (1820–1971) (British protectorate)
 United Arab Emirates (1971–present)
Uzbekistan Russian Turkestan (1867–1918) (Krai of the Russian Empire)
Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1918–1924) (autonomous republic of Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic), Khorezm People's Soviet Republic (1920–1925), Bukharan People's Soviet Republic (1920–1925)
 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)
Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic (republic of the Soviet Union 1922–1991)
 Republic of Uzbekistan (1991–present)
Vietnam Nguyễn dynasty (1802–1887) still enthroned until 1945

French Indochina (1887–1946) (federation of existing French colonies, Vietnamese constituents below)

Colony of Cochinchina (1862–1949)
Annam Protectorate (1884–1949)
Tonkin Protectorate (1884–1949)

State of Vietnam (1949–1955) (provisional government, official successor of French Indochina)
Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam) (1945–1976)
Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam) (1955–1975)
Republic of South Vietnam (1976) (existed from 1969 as Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam, an underground opposition to South Vietnam, later a transitional government)
 Socialist Republic of Vietnam (1976–present)

Yemen Yemen Vilayet (1872–1918) (vilayet of the Ottoman Empire)
Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen (1918–1962)
Yemen Arab Republic (North Yemen) (1962–1990)
Aden Protectorate (1869–1963)
Federation of South Arabia (1963–1967)
People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (South Yemen) (1967–1990) (1967–1970 named People's Republic of Southern Yemen)
 Republic of Yemen (1990–present)

See also

References
  1. "Asia". eb.com, Encyclopædia Britannica. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2006.
  2. National Geographic Atlas of the World (7th ed.). Washington, DC: National Geographic. 1999. ISBN 978-0-7922-7528-2. "Europe" (pp. 68–9); "Asia" (pp. 90–1): "A commonly accepted division between Asia and Europe is formed by the Ural Mountains, Ural River, Caspian Sea, Caucasus Mountains, and the Black Sea with its outlets, the Bosporus and Dardanelles."
  3. Maley, William (2009). The Afghanistan Wars: Second Edition. Twentieth-Century Wars. 2. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 101. ISBN 9781137013613.
  4. Marcin, Gary (1998). "The Taliban". King's College. Retrieved 23 March 2015.
  5. ISO 3166-1 NEWSLETTER No. V-4 changed the official name of Azerbaijan from "Azerbaijani Republic" to "Republic of Azerbaijan" and changed the spelling of "Kazakstan" to "Kazakhstan".
  6. Ben Cahoon, WorldStatesmen.org. "Bangladesh". Retrieved 23 March 2015.
  7. Mote, F.W. (1999). Imperial China, 900-1800. Harvard University Press. p. 68–71, 123–124. ISBN 0-674-01212-7.
  8. "Civil Society in China: The Legal Framework from Ancient Times to the 'New Reform Era'", p39, note 69.
  9. Yamamuro, Shin'ichi (2006). Manchuria Under Japanese Domination. Translated by Joshua A. Fogel. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 246. ISBN 978-0-8122-3912-6. Retrieved 3 August 2015.
  10. Russia is a transcontinental country located in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia, but is considered European historically, culturally, ethnically, and politically, and the vast majority of its population (78%) lives within its European part.
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