List of living former members of the United States Cabinet
The following is a list of living former members of the United States Cabinet. In the political system established by the United States Constitution, the President is authorized to seek advice from the principal officers of the various departments as he (or she) performs their official duties. A president's cabinet is composed of these principal officers.
Currently, the officials comprising the president's cabinet include the Secretary of State, Secretary of the Treasury, Secretary of Defense, Attorney General, Secretary of the Interior, Secretary of Agriculture, Secretary of Commerce, Secretary of Labor, Secretary of Health and Human Services, Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, Secretary of Transportation, Secretary of Energy, Secretary of Education, Secretary of Veterans Affairs, and Secretary of Homeland Security. It formerly also included the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare. Individuals who served in this capacity are listed here. Not listed are persons who served in positions considered to be of cabinet level but which are not part of the Cabinet, such as the Vice President, the Director of the Office of Management and Budget, and the United States Trade Representative.
Cabinet members from each of the ten most recent presidential administrations (since the presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson, 1963–1969) are still living, including all former cabinet members from the administrations of Barack Obama and Donald Trump. The oldest living former cabinet member is George Shultz, Secretary of Labor and Secretary of the Treasury during the Nixon administration and Secretary of State during the Reagan administration. The youngest living former cabinet member is John King Jr., Secretary of Education during the Obama administration.
The most recent death of a former cabinet member is Paul H. O'Neill, Secretary of the Treasury during the George W. Bush administration. The most recently serving former cabinet member who has died is Samuel Bodman, Secretary of Energy through the end of the George W. Bush administration (2001–2009).
Lyndon B. Johnson Administration (1963–1969)
There are two former members of Lyndon B. Johnson's Cabinet still living.
Name | Position | Tenure | Birthdate | Age |
---|---|---|---|---|
Alan Boyd | Secretary of Transportation | January 16, 1967 – January 20, 1969 | July 20, 1922 | 98 years, 25 days |
Ramsey Clark | Attorney General | March 10, 1967 – January 20, 1969 | December 18, 1927 | 92 years, 240 days |
Richard Nixon Administration (1969–1974)
There are two former members of Richard Nixon's Cabinet still living.
Name | Position | Tenure | Birthdate | Age |
---|---|---|---|---|
Henry Kissinger[1] | Secretary of State | September 22, 1973 – August 9, 1974[lower-alpha 1] | May 27, 1923 | 97 years, 79 days |
George Shultz[2] | Secretary of Labor Secretary of the Treasury | January 22, 1969 – July 1, 1970 June 12, 1972 – May 8, 1974[lower-alpha 2] | December 13, 1920 | 99 years, 245 days |
Gerald Ford Administration (1974–1977)
There are five former members of Gerald Ford's Cabinet still living.
Name | Position | Tenure | Birthdate | Age |
---|---|---|---|---|
Carla Hills | Secretary of Housing and Urban Development | March 10, 1975 – January 20, 1977 | January 3, 1934 | 86 years, 224 days |
Henry Kissinger[1] | Secretary of State | August 9, 1974 – January 20, 1977 | May 27, 1923 | 97 years, 79 days |
John Knebel | Secretary of Agriculture | November 4, 1976 – January 20, 1977 | October 4, 1936 | 83 years, 315 days |
David Mathews | Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare[lower-alpha 3] | August 8, 1975 – January 20, 1977 | December 6, 1935 | 84 years, 252 days |
Donald Rumsfeld | Secretary of Defense | November 20, 1975 – January 20, 1977[lower-alpha 4] | July 9, 1932 | 88 years, 36 days |
Jimmy Carter Administration (1977–1981)
There are seven former members of Jimmy Carter's Cabinet still living.
Name | Position | Tenure | Birthdate | Age |
---|---|---|---|---|
Michael Blumenthal | Secretary of the Treasury | January 23, 1977 – August 4, 1979 | January 3, 1926 | 94 years, 224 days |
Joseph Califano | Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare[lower-alpha 3] | January 25, 1977 – August 3, 1979 | May 15, 1931 | 89 years, 91 days |
Benjamin Civiletti | Attorney General | August 16, 1979 – January 19, 1981 | July 17, 1935 | 85 years, 28 days |
Charles Duncan[3] | Secretary of Energy | August 24, 1979 – January 20, 1981 | September 9, 1926 | 93 years, 340 days |
Neil Goldschmidt | Secretary of Transportation | August 15, 1979 – January 20, 1981 | June 16, 1940 | 80 years, 59 days |
Moon Landrieu | Secretary of Housing and Urban Development | September 24, 1979 – January 20, 1981 | July 23, 1930 | 90 years, 22 days |
Ray Marshall | Secretary of Labor | January 27, 1977 – January 20, 1981 | August 22, 1928 | 91 years, 358 days |
Ronald Reagan Administration (1981–1989)
There are 16 former members of Ronald Reagan's Cabinet still living.
Name | Position | Tenure | Birthdate | Age |
---|---|---|---|---|
James Baker[4] | Secretary of the Treasury | February 4, 1985 – August 17, 1988[lower-alpha 5] | April 28, 1930 | 90 years, 108 days |
William Bennett | Secretary of Education | February 6, 1985 – September 20, 1988 | July 31, 1943 | 77 years, 42 days |
John Block | Secretary of Agriculture | January 23, 1981 – February 14, 1986 | February 15, 1935 | 85 years, 181 days |
Nicholas Brady | Secretary of the Treasury | September 15, 1988 – January 20, 1989[lower-alpha 6] | April 11, 1930 | 90 years, 125 days |
Bill Brock | Secretary of Labor | April 29, 1985 – October 31, 1987 | November 23, 1930 | 89 years, 265 days |
James Burnley | Secretary of Transportation | December 2, 1987 – January 30, 1989 | July 30, 1948 | 72 years, 15 days |
Lauro Cavazos | Secretary of Education | September 20, 1988 – January 20, 1989[lower-alpha 6] | January 4, 1927 | 93 years, 223 days |
Elizabeth Dole | Secretary of Transportation | February 7, 1983 – September 30, 1987[lower-alpha 7] | July 29, 1936 | 84 years, 16 days |
Ray Donovan | Secretary of Labor | February 4, 1981 – March 15, 1985 | August 31, 1930 | 89 years, 349 days |
John Herrington[3] | Secretary of Energy | February 7, 1985 – January 20, 1989 | May 31, 1939 | 81 years, 75 days |
Donald Hodel[3] | Secretary of Energy Secretary of the Interior | November 5, 1982 – February 7, 1985 February 8, 1985 – January 20, 1989 | May 23, 1935 | 85 years, 83 days |
Ann Korologos | Secretary of Labor | December 17, 1987 – January 20, 1989 | November 16, 1941 | 78 years, 272 days |
Edwin Meese | Attorney General | February 25, 1985 – July 5, 1988 | December 2, 1931 | 88 years, 256 days |
George Shultz[2] | Secretary of State | July 16, 1982 – January 20, 1989 | December 13, 1920 | 99 years, 245 days |
Dick Thornburgh | Attorney General | August 15, 1988 – January 20, 1989[lower-alpha 6] | July 16, 1932 | 88 years, 29 days |
James Watt | Secretary of the Interior | January 23, 1981 – November 8, 1983 | January 31, 1938 | 82 years, 196 days |
George H. W. Bush Administration (1989–1993)
There are 13 former members of George H. W. Bush's Cabinet still living.
Name | Position | Tenure | Birthdate | Age |
---|---|---|---|---|
Lamar Alexander | Secretary of Education | March 22, 1991 – January 20, 1993 | July 3, 1940 | 80 years, 42 days |
James Baker[4] | Secretary of State | January 20, 1989 – August 23, 1992 | April 28, 1930 | 90 years, 108 days |
William Barr | Attorney General | November 26, 1991 – January 20, 1993[lower-alpha 8] | May 23, 1950 | 70 years, 83 days |
Nicholas Brady | Secretary of the Treasury | January 20, 1989 – January 17, 1993 | April 11, 1930 | 90 years, 125 days |
Andrew Card | Secretary of Transportation | February 24, 1992 – January 20, 1993 | May 10, 1947 | 73 years, 96 days |
Lauro Cavazos | Secretary of Education | January 20, 1989 – December 12, 1990 | January 4, 1927 | 93 years, 223 days |
Dick Cheney | Secretary of Defense | March 20, 1989 – January 20, 1993 | January 30, 1941 | 79 years, 197 days |
Elizabeth Dole | Secretary of Labor | January 25, 1989 – November 23, 1990 | July 29, 1936 | 84 years, 16 days |
Barbara Franklin | Secretary of Commerce | February 27, 1992 – January 20, 1993 | March 19, 1940 | 80 years, 148 days |
Lynn Martin | Secretary of Labor | February 22, 1991 – January 20, 1993 | December 26, 1939 | 80 years, 232 days |
Samuel Skinner | Secretary of Transportation | February 6, 1989 – December 15, 1991 | June 10, 1938 | 82 years, 65 days |
Louis Sullivan | Secretary of Health and Human Services | March 1, 1989 – January 20, 1993 | November 3, 1933 | 86 years, 285 days |
Dick Thornburgh | Attorney General | January 20, 1989 – August 15, 1991 | July 16, 1932 | 88 years, 29 days |
Bill Clinton Administration (1993–2001)
There are 21 former members of Bill Clinton's Cabinet still living.
Name | Position | Tenure | Birthdate | Age |
---|---|---|---|---|
Madeleine Albright[5] | Secretary of State | January 23, 1997–January 20, 2001 | May 15, 1937 | 83 years, 91 days |
Bruce Babbitt | Secretary of the Interior | January 22, 1993 – January 2, 2001 | June 27, 1938 | 82 years, 48 days |
Henry Cisneros | Secretary of Housing and Urban Development | January 22, 1993 – January 19, 1997 | June 11, 1947 | 73 years, 64 days |
William Cohen | Secretary of Defense | January 24, 1997 – January 20, 2001 | August 28, 1940 | 79 years, 352 days |
Andrew Cuomo | Secretary of Housing and Urban Development | January 29, 1997 – January 20, 2001 | December 6, 1957 | 62 years, 252 days |
William Daley | Secretary of Commerce | January 30, 1997 – July 19, 2000 | August 8, 1948 | 72 years, 6 days |
Mike Espy | Secretary of Agriculture | January 22, 1993 – December 31, 1994 | November 30, 1953 | 66 years, 258 days |
Dan Glickman | Secretary of Agriculture | March 30, 1995 – January 19, 2001 | November 24, 1944 | 75 years, 264 days |
Alexis Herman | Secretary of Labor | May 1, 1997 – January 20, 2001 | July 16, 1947 | 73 years, 58 days |
Mickey Kantor | Secretary of Commerce | April 12, 1996 – January 21, 1997 | August 7, 1939 | 81 years, 7 days |
Norman Mineta | Secretary of Commerce | July 20, 2000 – January 20, 2001[lower-alpha 9] | November 12, 1931 | 88 years, 276 days |
Hazel O'Leary[3] | Secretary of Energy | January 22, 1993 – January 20, 1997 | May 17, 1937 | 83 years, 89 days |
Federico Peña[3] | Secretary of Transportation Secretary of Energy | January 21, 1993 – February 14, 1997 March 12, 1997 – June 30, 1998 | March 15, 1947 | 73 years, 152 days |
William Perry | Secretary of Defense | February 3, 1994 – January 23, 1997 | October 11, 1927 | 92 years, 308 days |
Robert Reich | Secretary of Labor | January 22, 1993 – January 10, 1997 | June 24, 1946 | 74 years, 51 days |
Bill Richardson[3] | Secretary of Energy | August 18, 1998 – January 20, 2001 | November 15, 1947 | 72 years, 273 days |
Richard Riley | Secretary of Education | January 21, 1993 – January 20, 2001 | January 2, 1933 | 87 years, 225 days |
Robert Rubin | Secretary of the Treasury | January 11, 1995 – July 2, 1999 | August 29, 1938 | 81 years, 351 days |
Donna Shalala | Secretary of Health and Human Services | January 22, 1993 – January 20, 2001 | February 14, 1941 | 79 years, 182 days |
Rodney Slater | Secretary of Transportation | February 14, 1997 – January 20, 2001 | February 23, 1955 | 65 years, 173 days |
Lawrence Summers | Secretary of the Treasury | July 2, 1999 – January 20, 2001 | November 30, 1954 | 65 years, 258 days |
George W. Bush Administration (2001–2009)
There are 32 former members of George W. Bush's Cabinet still living.
Name | Position | Tenure | Birthdate | Age |
---|---|---|---|---|
Spencer Abraham[3] | Secretary of Energy | January 20, 2001 – February 1, 2005 | June 12, 1952 | 68 years, 63 days |
John Ashcroft | Attorney General | February 2, 2001 – February 3, 2005 | May 9, 1942 | 78 years, 97 days |
Elaine Chao | Secretary of Labor | January 29, 2001 – January 20, 2009[lower-alpha 10] | March 26, 1953 | 67 years, 141 days |
Michael Chertoff | Secretary of Homeland Security | February 15, 2005 – January 21, 2009 | November 28, 1953 | 66 years, 260 days |
Donald Evans | Secretary of Commerce | January 20, 2001 – February 7, 2005 | July 27, 1946 | 74 years, 18 days |
Robert Gates | Secretary of Defense | December 18, 2006 – January 20, 2009[lower-alpha 11] | September 25, 1943 | 76 years, 324 days |
Alberto Gonzales | Attorney General | February 3, 2005 – September 17, 2007 | August 4, 1955 | 65 years, 10 days |
Carlos Gutierrez | Secretary of Commerce | February 7, 2005 – January 20, 2009 | November 4, 1953 | 66 years, 284 days |
Alphonso Jackson | Secretary of Housing and Urban Development | March 31, 2004 – April 18, 2008 | September 9, 1945 | 74 years, 340 days |
Mike Johanns | Secretary of Agriculture | January 21, 2005 – September 20, 2007 | June 18, 1950 | 70 years, 57 days |
Dirk Kempthorne | Secretary of the Interior | June 7, 2006 – January 20, 2009 | October 29, 1951 | 68 years, 290 days |
Mike Leavitt | Secretary of Health and Human Services | January 26, 2005 – January 20, 2009 | February 11, 1951 | 69 years, 185 days |
Mel Martínez | Secretary of Housing and Urban Development | January 24, 2001 – December 13, 2003 | October 23, 1946 | 73 years, 296 days |
Norman Mineta | Secretary of Transportation | January 25, 2001 – July 7, 2006 | November 12, 1931 | 88 years, 276 days |
Michael Mukasey | Attorney General | November 9, 2007 – January 20, 2009 | July 28, 1941 | 79 years, 17 days |
Jim Nicholson | Secretary of Veterans Affairs | January 26, 2005 – October 1, 2007 | February 4, 1938 | 82 years, 192 days |
Gale Norton | Secretary of the Interior | January 31, 2001 – March 31, 2006 | March 11, 1954 | 66 years, 156 days |
Rod Paige | Secretary of Education | January 20, 2001 – January 20, 2005 | June 17, 1933 | 87 years, 58 days |
Henry Paulson | Secretary of the Treasury | July 3, 2006 – January 20, 2009 | March 28, 1946 | 74 years, 139 days |
James Peake | Secretary of Veterans Affairs | December 20, 2007 – January 20, 2009 | June 18, 1944 | 76 years, 57 days |
Mary Peters | Secretary of Transportation | October 17, 2006 – January 20, 2009 | December 4, 1948 | 71 years, 254 days |
Colin Powell[6] | Secretary of State | January 20, 2001 – January 26, 2005 | April 5, 1937 | 83 years, 131 days |
Steve Preston | Secretary of Housing and Urban Development | June 5, 2008 – January 20, 2009 | August 4, 1960 | 60 years, 10 days |
Anthony Principi | Secretary of Veterans Affairs | January 23, 2001 – January 26, 2005 | April 16, 1944 | 76 years, 120 days |
Condoleezza Rice[7] | Secretary of State | January 26, 2005 – January 20, 2009 | November 14, 1954 | 65 years, 274 days |
Tom Ridge | Secretary of Homeland Security | January 24, 2003 – February 1, 2005 | August 26, 1945 | 74 years, 354 days |
Donald Rumsfeld | Secretary of Defense | January 20, 2001 – December 18, 2006 | July 9, 1932 | 88 years, 36 days |
Ed Schafer | Secretary of Agriculture | January 28, 2008 – January 20, 2009 | August 8, 1946 | 74 years, 6 days |
John Snow | Secretary of the Treasury | February 3, 2003 – June 28, 2006 | August 2, 1939 | 81 years, 12 days |
Margaret Spellings | Secretary of Education | January 20, 2005 – January 20, 2009 | November 30, 1957 | 62 years, 258 days |
Tommy Thompson | Secretary of Health and Human Services | February 2, 2001 – January 26, 2005 | November 19, 1941 | 78 years, 269 days |
Ann Veneman | Secretary of Agriculture | January 20, 2001 – January 20, 2005 | June 29, 1949 | 71 years, 46 days |
Barack Obama Administration (2009–2017)
There are 32 former members of Barack Obama's Cabinet still living.
Name | Position | Tenure | Birthdate | Age |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sylvia Mathews Burwell | Secretary of Health and Human Services | June 9, 2014 – January 20, 2017 | June 23, 1965 | 55 years, 52 days |
John Bryson | Secretary of Commerce | October 21, 2011 – June 21, 2012 | July 24, 1943 | 77 years, 21 days |
Julian Castro | Secretary of Housing and Urban Development | July 28, 2014 – January 20, 2017 | September 16, 1974 | 45 years, 333 days |
Ashton Carter | Secretary of Defense | February 17, 2015 – January 20, 2017 | September 24, 1954 | 65 years, 325 days |
Steven Chu[3] | Secretary of Energy | January 21, 2009 – April 22, 2013 | February 28, 1948 | 72 years, 168 days |
Hillary Clinton[8] | Secretary of State | January 21, 2009 – February 1, 2013 | October 26, 1947 | 72 years, 293 days |
Shaun Donovan | Secretary of Housing and Urban Development | January 26, 2009 – July 28, 2014 | January 24, 1966 | 54 years, 203 days |
Arne Duncan | Secretary of Education | January 21, 2009 – January 1, 2016 | November 6, 1964 | 55 years, 282 days |
Anthony Foxx | Secretary of Transportation | July 2, 2013 – January 20, 2017 | April 30, 1971 | 49 years, 106 days |
Robert Gates | Secretary of Defense | January 20, 2009 – June 30, 2011 | September 25, 1943 | 76 years, 324 days |
Timothy Geithner | Secretary of the Treasury | January 26, 2009 – January 25, 2013 | August 18, 1961 | 58 years, 362 days |
Chuck Hagel | Secretary of Defense | February 27, 2013 – February 17, 2015 | October 4, 1946 | 73 years, 315 days |
Eric Holder | Attorney General | February 3, 2009 – April 27, 2015 | January 21, 1951 | 69 years, 206 days |
Sally Jewell | Secretary of the Interior | April 12, 2013 – January 20, 2017 | February 21, 1956 | 64 years, 175 days |
Jeh Johnson | Secretary of Homeland Security | December 23, 2013 – January 20, 2017 | September 11, 1957 | 62 years, 338 days |
John Kerry | Secretary of State | February 1, 2013 – January 20, 2017 | December 11, 1943 | 76 years, 247 days |
John King Jr. | Secretary of Education | March 14, 2016 – January 20, 2017 | January 5, 1975 | 45 years, 222 days |
Ray LaHood | Secretary of Transportation | January 23, 2009 – July 2, 2013 | December 6, 1945 | 74 years, 252 days |
Jacob Lew | Secretary of the Treasury | February 28, 2013 – January 20, 2017 | August 29, 1955 | 64 years, 351 days |
Gary Locke | Secretary of Commerce | March 26, 2009 – August 1, 2011 | January 21, 1950 | 70 years, 206 days |
Loretta Lynch | Attorney General | April 27, 2015 – January 20, 2017 | May 21, 1959 | 61 years, 85 days |
Robert A. McDonald | Secretary of Veterans Affairs | July 30, 2014 – January 20, 2017 | June 20, 1953 | 67 years, 55 days |
Ernest Moniz | Secretary of Energy | May 21, 2013 – January 20, 2017 | December 22, 1944 | 75 years, 236 days |
Janet Napolitano | Secretary of Homeland Security | January 21, 2009 – September 6, 2013 | November 29, 1957 | 62 years, 259 days |
Leon Panetta | Secretary of Defense | July 1, 2011 – February 27, 2013 | June 28, 1938 | 82 years, 47 days |
Thomas Perez | Secretary of Labor | July 23, 2013 – January 20, 2017 | October 7, 1961 | 58 years, 312 days |
Penny Pritzker | Secretary of Commerce | June 26, 2013 – January 20, 2017 | May 2, 1959 | 61 years, 104 days |
Ken Salazar | Secretary of the Interior | January 20, 2009 – April 12, 2013 | March 2, 1955 | 65 years, 165 days |
Kathleen Sebelius | Secretary of Health and Human Services | April 28, 2009 – June 9, 2014 | May 15, 1948 | 72 years, 91 days |
Eric Shinseki | Secretary of Veterans Affairs | January 21, 2009 – May 30, 2014 | November 28, 1942 | 77 years, 260 days |
Hilda Solis | Secretary of Labor | February 24, 2009 – January 22, 2013 | October 20, 1957 | 62 years, 299 days |
Tom Vilsack | Secretary of Agriculture | January 20, 2009 – January 13, 2017 | December 13, 1950 | 69 years, 245 days |
Donald Trump Administration (2017–present)
There are ten former members of Donald Trump's Cabinet still living.
Name | Position | Tenure | Birthdate | Age |
---|---|---|---|---|
Alexander Acosta | Secretary of Labor | April 28, 2017 – July 19, 2019 | January 16, 1969 | 51 years, 211 days |
John F. Kelly | Secretary of Homeland Security | January 20, 2017 – July 31, 2017 | May 11, 1950 | 70 years, 95 days |
Jim Mattis | Secretary of Defense | January 20, 2017 – December 31, 2018 | September 8, 1950 | 69 years, 341 days |
Kirstjen Nielsen | Secretary of Homeland Security | December 6, 2017 – April 10, 2019 | May 14, 1972 | 48 years, 92 days |
Rick Perry | Secretary of Energy | March 2, 2017 – December 1, 2019 | March 4, 1950 | 70 years, 163 days |
Tom Price | Secretary of Health and Human Services | February 10, 2017 – September 29, 2017 | October 8, 1954 | 65 years, 311 days |
Jeff Sessions | Attorney General | February 9, 2017 – November 7, 2018 | December 24, 1946 | 73 years, 234 days |
David Shulkin | Secretary of Veterans Affairs | February 14, 2017 – March 28, 2018 | July 22, 1959 | 61 years, 95 days |
Rex Tillerson | Secretary of State | February 1, 2017 – March 31, 2018 | March 23, 1952 | 68 years, 144 days |
Ryan Zinke | Secretary of the Interior | March 1, 2017 – January 2, 2019 | November 1, 1961 | 58 years, 287 days |
Notes
- Continued in the same capacity in the Ford Administration.
- Later served as Secretary of State in the Reagan Administration.
- Department now named Health and Human Services.
- Later served as Secretary of Defense in the George W. Bush Administration.
- Later served as Secretary of State in the George H. W. Bush Administration.
- Continued in the same capacity in the George H. W. Bush Administration.
- Later served as Secretary of Labor in the George H. W. Bush Administration.
- Later serves as Attorney General in the Trump Administration.
- Later served as Secretary of Transportation in the George W. Bush Administration.
- Later serves as Secretary of Transportation in the Trump Administration.
- Continued in the same capacity in the Obama Administration.
References
- "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Henry A. (Heinz Alfred) Kissinger (1923–)". Office of the Historian, Bureau of Public Affairs, United States Department of State. Retrieved October 17, 2016.
- "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: George Pratt Shultz (1920–)". Office of the Historian, Bureau of Public Affairs, United States Department of State. Retrieved October 17, 2016.
- "Secretaries of Energy". Office of Management, United States Department of Energy. Retrieved October 17, 2016.
- "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: James Addison Baker III (1930–)". Office of the Historian, Bureau of Public Affairs, United States Department of State. Retrieved October 17, 2016.
- "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Madeleine Korbel Albright (1937–)". Office of the Historian, Bureau of Public Affairs, United States Department of State. Retrieved October 17, 2016.
- "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Colin Luther Powell (1937–)". Office of the Historian, Bureau of Public Affairs, United States Department of State. Retrieved October 17, 2016.
- "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Condoleezza Rice (1954–)". Office of the Historian, Bureau of Public Affairs, United States Department of State. Retrieved October 17, 2016.
- "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Hillary Rodham Clinton (1947–)". Office of the Historian, Bureau of Public Affairs, United States Department of State. Retrieved October 17, 2016.