List of flora of Greenland

The flora of Greenland consists of a total of 575 species or 606 taxa (species and subspecies) of vascular plants, of which 13 are endemic, and 87 taxa introduced by humans, most of which are naturalized.[1][2]

Apiaceae

• Angelica archangelica – native
• Carum carvi – introduced
• Ligusticum scoticum ssp. scoticum – native

Aspleniaceae

• Asplenium viride – native

Asteraceae

• Achillea millefolium ssp. millefolium – introduced
• Antennaria affinis – native, endemic (microspecies)
• Antennaria alpina
• Antennaria angustata – native
• Antennaria boecherana – native, endemic (microspecies)
• Antennaria canescens – native
• Antennaria compacta – native
• Antennaria friesiana – native
• Antennaria glabrata – native
• Antennaria hansii – native, endemic (microspecies)
• Antennaria intermedia – native, endemic (microspecies)
• Antennaria porsildii – native
• Antennaria sornborgeri – native
• Antennaria subcanescens – native
• Arnica angustifolia ssp. angustifolia – native
• Artemisia borealis ssp. borealis – native
• Artemisia vulgaris – introduced
• Chamomilla recutita – introduced
• Chamomilla suaveolens – introduced
• Cirsium arvense – introduced
• Cirsium helenioides – native, locally extinct
• Crepis tectorum ssp. tectorum – introduced
• Erigeron borealis – native
• Erigeron compositus – native
• Erigeron humilis – native
• Erigeron uniflorus ssp. eriocephalus – native
• Erigeron uniflorus ssp. uniflorus – native
• Filaginella uliginosa – introduced
• Hieracium sect. Alpina – native
• Hieracium sect. Prenanthoidea – native
• Hieracium sect. Subalpina – native
• Hieracium sect. Tridentata – native
• Leontodon autumnalis ssp. autumnalis – introduced (Norsemen)
• Leucanthemum vulgare – introduced
• Matricaria maritima ssp. phaeocephala – native
• Matricaria perforata – introduced
• Omalotheca norvegica – native
• Omalotheca supina – native
• Senecio vulgaris – introduced
• Taraxacum sect. Arctica – native
• Taraxacum sect. Borealia – native
• Taraxacum sect. Spectabilia – native

Betulaceae

• Alnus viridis ssp. crispa – native
• Betula glandulosa – native
• Betula nana ssp. nana – native
• Betula pubescens ssp. minor – native

Boraginaceae

• Asperugo procumbens – introduced
• Mertensia maritima – native
• Myosotis arvensis – introduced

Brassicaceae

• Arabidopsis arenicola – native
• Arabis alpina – native
• Barbarea stricta – introduced
• Barbarea vulgaris – introduced
• Beringia bursifolia – native
• Boechera holboellii – native
• Brassica rapa ssp. sylvestris – introduced
• Braya humilis ssp. arctica – native
• Braya intermedia – native
• Braya linearis – native
• Braya novae-angliae – native
• Braya purpurascens – native
• Braya thorild-wulffii – native
• Cakile edentula ssp. edentula – native
• Capsella bursa-pastoris – introduced
• Cardamine bellidifolia – native
• Cardamine pratensis ssp. polemonioides – native
• Cardaminopsis arenosa – introduced
• Cochlearia groenlandica – native
• Descurainia sophia – introduced
• Draba alpina – native
• Draba arctica ssp. ostenfeldii – native, endemic (subspecies)
• Draba arctica ssp. arctica – native
• Draba arctogena – native
• Draba aurea – native
• Draba cana – native
• Draba cinerea – native
• Draba corymbosa – native
• Draba crassifolia – native
• Draba fladnizensis – native
• Draba glabella – native
• Draba incana – native
• Draba micropetala – native
• Draba nivalis – native
• Draba norvegica – native
• Draba oblongata – native
• Draba oxycarpa – native
• Draba pauciflora – native
• Draba sibirica – native
• Draba subcapitata – native
• Draba wahlenbergii – native
• Erysimum pallasii – native
• Eutrema edwardsii – native
• Lesquerella arctica – native
• Raphanus raphanistrum – introduced
• Rorippa islandica ssp. islandica – native
• Rorippa palustris ssp. palustris – introduced
• Rorippa sylvestris – introduced
• Sinapis arvensis – introduced
• Sisymbrium altissimum – introduced
• Subularia aquatica ssp. americana – native
• Thlaspi arvense – introduced

Callitrichaceae

• Callitriche anceps – native
• Callitriche hamulata – native
• Callitriche hermaphroditica – native
• Callitriche palustris – native

Calochortaceae

• Streptopus amplexifolius ssp. americanus – native

Campanulaceae

• Campanula gieseckiana – native
• Campanula uniflora – native

Caryophyllaceae

• Arenaria humifusa – native
• Arenaria pseudofrigida – native
• Cerastium alpinum ssp. lanatum – native
• Cerastium alpinum ssp. alpinum – native
• Cerastium arcticum – native
• Cerastium arvense – native
• Cerastium beeringianum – native
• Cerastium cerastoides – native
• Cerastium fontanum ssp. vulgare – introduced
• Cerastium fontanum ssp. fontanum – native
• Cerastium regelii – native
• Honckenya peploides ssp. diffusa – native
• Lychnis alpina ssp. americana – native
• Minuartia biflora – native
• Minuartia groenlandica – native
• Minuartia rossii ssp. rossiii – native
• Minuartia rubella – native
• Minuartia stricta – native
• Sagina cespitosa – native
• Sagina nivalis – native
• Sagina nodosa – native
• Sagina procumbens – native
• Sagina saginoides – native
• Silene acaulis – native
• Silene furcata ssp. angustiflora – native
• Silene furcata ssp. furcata – native
• Silene latifolia ssp. alba – introduced
• Silene sorensenis – native
• Silene uralensis ssp. uralensis – native
• Silene vulgaris – introduced[3]
• Spergula arvensis – introduced
• Spergularia canadensis – native
• Stellaria borealis – native
• Stellaria humifusa – native
• Stellaria longifolia – native
• Stellaria longipes – native
• Stellaria media – introduced

Chenopodiaceae

• Atriplex longipes ssp. praecox – native
• Atriplex patula – introduced
• Chenopodium album – introduced

Cornaceae

• Cornus canadensis – native
• Cornus suecica – native
• Cornus × unalaschkensis – native (hybrid)

Crassulaceae

• Rhodiola rosea ssp. rosea – native
• Sedum acre – native
• Sedum annuum – native
• Sedum villosum – native

Cupressaceae

• Juniperus communis ssp. nana – native

Cyperaceae

• Carex acuta – native
• Carex aquatilis ssp. aquatilis – native
• Carex aquatilis ssp. stans – native
• Carex arctogena – native
• Carex atrata – native
• Carex atrofusca – native
• Carex bicolor – native
• Carex bigelowii ssp. bigelowii – native
• Carex bigelowii ssp. rigida – native
• Carex boecheriana – native
• Carex brunnescens ssp. brunnescens – native
• Carex buxbaumii – native
• Carex capillaris ssp. fuscidula – native
• Carex capillaris ssp. chlorostachys – native
• Carex capitata – native
• Carex chordorrhiza – native
• Carex curta – native
• Carex deflexa – native
• Carex demissa – native
• Carex disperma – native
• Carex fuliginosa ssp. misandra – native
• Carex glacialis – native
• Carex glareosa – native
• Carex gynocrates – native
• Carex holostoma – native
• Carex krausei ssp. porsildiana – native
• Carex lachenalii – native
• Carex lidii – native
• Carex lyngbyei ssp. lyngbyei – native
• Carex mackenziei – native
• Carex macloviana – native
• Carex magellanica ssp. irrigua – native
• Carex marina ssp. marina – native
• Carex marina ssp. pseudolagopina – native
• Carex maritima – native
• Carex microglochin – native
• Carex nardina ssp. hepburnii – native
• Carex nigra ssp. nigra – native
• Carex norvegica – native
• Carex panicea – native
• Carex parallela ssp. parallela – native
• Carex praticola – native
• Carex quasivaginata – native
• Carex rariflora – native
• Carex rostrata – native
• Carex rufina – native
• Carex rupestris – native
• Carex salina – native
• Carex miliaris – native
• Carex scirpoidea – native
• Carex stylosa – native
• Carex subspathacea ssp. subspathacea – native
• Carex supina ssp. spaniocarpa – native
• Carex trisperma – native
• Carex umbellata – native
• Carex ursina – native
• Eleocharis acicularis ssp. acicularis – native
• Eleocharis palustris – native
• Eleocharis quinqueflora ssp. fernaldii – native
• Eleocharis uniglumis – native
• Eriophorum angustifolium – native
• Eriophorum callitrix – native
• Eriophorum scheuchzeri – native
• Eriophorum × sorenseni – native
• Eriophorum triste – native
• Eriophorum vaginatum ssp. spissum – native
• Kobresia myosuroides – native
• Kobresia simpliciuscula ssp. subholarctica – native
• Trichophorum cespitosum – native

Diapensiaceae

• Diapensia lapponica ssp. lapponica – native

Droseraceae

• Drosera rotundifolia – native

Dryopteridaceae

• Dryopteris expansa – native
• Dryopteris filix-mas – native
• Dryopteris fragrans – native
• Dryopteris marginalis – native
• Polystichum lonchitis – native

Empetraceae

• Empetrum nigrum ssp. hermaphroditum – native

Equisetaceae

• Equisetum arvense ssp. arvense – native
• Equisetum arvense ssp. boreale – native
• Equisetum hyemale – native[4]
• Equisetum scirpoides – native
• Equisetum sylvaticum – native
• Equisetum variegatum ssp. variegatum – native

Ericaceae

• Andromeda polifolia ssp. glaucophylla – native
• Andromeda polifolia ssp. polifolia – native
• Arctostaphylos alpinus – native
• Arctostaphylos uva-ursi – native
• Cassiope tetragona – native
• Harrimanella hypnoides – native
• Ledum groenlandicum – native
• Ledum palustre ssp. decumbens – native
• Loiseleuria procumbens – native
• Orthilia obtusata – native
• Phyllodoce caerulea – native
• Pyrola grandiflora – native
• Pyrola minor – native
• Rhododendron lapponicum – native
• Vaccinium myrtillus – native
• Vaccinium oxycoccos ssp. microphyllus – native
• Vaccinium uliginosum ssp. microphyllum – native
• Vaccinium vitis-idaea ssp. minus – native
• ×Ledodendron vanhoeffeni – native, endemic (intergeneric hybrid)[5]

Fabaceae

• Astragalus alpinus ssp. arcticus – probably introduced
• Lathyrus japonicus – native
• Lathyrus pratensis – introduced
• Medicago lupulina – introduced
• Trifolium hybridum – casual
• Trifolium pratense – introduced
• Trifolium repens – introduced
• Vicia cracca – introduced (Norsemen)
• Vicia hirsuta – introduced
• Vicia sativa ssp. nigra – introduced
• Vicia sepium – introduced

Gentianaceae

• Gentiana nivalis – native
• Gentianella amarella ssp. acuta – native
• Gentianella aurea – native
• Gentianella detonsa – native
• Gentianella tenella – native
• Lomatogonium rotatum – native

Geraniaceae

• Erodium cicutarium – introduced
• Geranium pusillum – introduced
• Geranium sylvaticum – native

Haloragaceae

• Myriophyllum alterniflorum – native
• Myriophyllum sibiricum – (Haloragaceae) - native

Hippuridaceae

• Hippuris vulgaris – native

Iridaceae

• Sisyrinchium montanum – native

Isoetaceae

• Isoetes echinospora ssp. muricata – native
• Isoetes lacustris – native

Juncaceae

• Juncus alpinoarticulatus ssp. alpestris – native
• Juncus arcticus ssp. arcticus – native
• Juncus biglumis – native
• Juncus bufonius ssp. bufonius – introduced
• Juncus bufonius ssp. ranarius – native
• Juncus castaneus ssp. castaneus – native
• Juncus filiformis – native
• Juncus gerardii ssp. gerardii – native
• Juncus squarrosus – native
• Juncus subtilis – native
• Juncus trifidus – native
• Juncus triglumis ssp. albescens – native
• Juncus triglumis ssp. triglumis – native
• Luzula nivalis – native
• Luzula arcuata – native
• Luzula confusa – native
• Luzula groenlandica – native
• Luzula multiflora ssp. frigida – native
• Luzula multiflora ssp. multiflora – native
• Luzula parviflora ssp. parviflora – native
• Luzula spicata – native
• Luzula wahlenbergii – native

Juncaginaceae

• Triglochin palustris – native

Lamiaceae

• Lamium amplexicaule – introduced
• Lamium moluccellifolium – introduced
• Lamium purpureum – introduced
• Thymus praecox ssp. arcticus – native

Lentibulariaceae

• Pinguicula vulgaris – native
• Utricularia intermedia – native
• Utricularia minor – native
• Utricularia ochroleuca – native

Linnaeaceae

• Linnaea borealis ssp. americana – native

Lycopodiaceae

• Diphasiastrum alpinum – native
• Diphasiastrum complanatum – native
• Diphasiastrum sitchense – native[6]
• Diphasiastrum x zeilleri – native
• Huperzia arctica – native
• Huperzia selago – native
• Lycopodium annotinum ssp. annotinum – native
• Lycopodium dubium – native
• Lycopodium lagopus – native

Malaceae

• Sorbus groenlandica – native

Melanthiaceae

• Tofieldia coccinea – native
• Tofieldia pusilla – native

Menyanthaceae

• Menyanthes trifoliata – native

Myrsinaceae

• Anagallis arvensis – introduced
• Trientalis europaea – native[7]

Onagraceae

• Chamaenerion latifolium – native
• Epilobium anagallidifolium – native
• Epilobium angustifolium – native
• Epilobium davuricum ssp. arcticum – native
• Epilobium hornemannii – native
• Epilobium lactiflorum – native
• Epilobium latifolium – native
• Epilobium palustre – native

Ophioglossaceae

• Botrychium boreale – native
• Botrychium lanceolatum – native
• Botrychium lunaria – native
• Botrychium minganense – native
• Botrychium multifidum – native
• Botrychium simplex – native
• Ophioglossum azoricum – native

Orchidaceae

• Amerorchis rotundifolia – native
• Corallorhiza trifida – native
• Neottia cordata – native
• Platanthera hyperborea – native
• Pseudorchis straminea – native

Orobanchaceae

• Bartsia alpina – native
• Euphrasia frigida – native
• Melampyrum sylvaticum – native
• Pedicularis capitata – native
• Pedicularis lanata – native
• Pedicularis flammea – native
• Pedicularis groenlandica – native
• Pedicularis hirsuta – native
• Pedicularis labradorica – native
• Pedicularis langsdorfii – native
• Pedicularis lapponica – native
• Pedicularis sudetica ssp. albolabiata – native[6][7]
• Rhinanthus minor ssp. groenlandicus – native
• Rhinanthus minor ssp. minor – native

Papaveraceae

• Papaver dahlianum – native
• Papaver radicatum ssp. labradoricum – native

Parnassiaceae

• Parnassia kotzebuei – native

Plantaginaceae

• Plantago coronopus – casual
• Plantago lanceolata – introduced
• Plantago major – introduced
• Plantago maritima ssp. borealis – native
• Veronica alpina ssp. alpina – native
• Veronica alpina ssp. pumila – native
• Veronica arvensis – casual
• Veronica fruticans – native
• Veronica officinalis – introduced[3]
• Veronica persica – casual
• Veronica serpyllifolia ssp. serpyllifolia – introduced
• Veronica wormskjoldii – native

Plumbaginaceae

• Armeria maritima ssp. maritima – native
• Armeria maritima ssp. sibirica – native

Poaceae

• Agrostis canina – native[6]
• Agrostis capillaris – introduced
• Agrostis gigantea – native
• Agrostis mertensii – native
• Agrostis scabra – native
• Agrostis stolonifera – native
• Agrostis vinealis – native
• Alopecurus aequalis – native
• Alopecurus alpinus ssp. borealis – native
• Alopecurus geniculatus – introduced
• Alopecurus pratensis – introduced
• Anthoxanthum alpinum – native
• Arctagrostis latifolia ssp. latifolia – native
• Arctophila fulva – native
• Avenella flexuosa – native
• Bromus hordeaceus – introduced
• Bromus tectorum – introduced
• Calamagrostis canadensis ssp. langsdorfii – native
• Calamagrostis inexpansa – native
• Calamagrostis lapponica – native
• Calamagrostis neglecta ssp. neglecta – native
• Calamagrostis neglecta ssp. groenlandica – native
• Calamagrostis purpurascens var. purpurascens – native
• Calamagrostis purpurascens var. laricina – native
• Catabrosa aquatica – native
• Dactylis glomerata – introduced
• Danthonia spicata – native
• Deschampsia alpina – native
• Deschampsia brevifolia – native
• Deschampsia cespitosa – introduced
• Deschampsia sukatschewii ssp. borealis – native
• Dupontia fisheri – native
• Elymus alaskanus ssp. hyperarcticus – native
• Elymus repens – introduced
• Elymus trachycaulus ssp. virescens – native, endemic (subspecies)
• Elymus violaceus – native
• Festuca baffinensis – native
• Festuca brachyphylla – native
• Festuca edlundiae – native
• Festuca groenlandica – native, endemic[6]
• Festuca hyperborea – native
• Festuca pratensis – introduced
• Festuca rubra spp. fallax – introduced[6]
• Festuca rubra ssp. arctica – native
• Festuca rubra spp. rubra – native
• Festuca saximontana – native
• Festuca vivipara ssp. hirsuta – native
• Festuca vivipara ssp. vivipara – native
• Festuca vivipara ssp. glabra – native[6]
• Hierochloë alpina – native
• Hierochloë odorata ssp. arctica – native
• Leymus arenarius – native
• Leymus mollis ssp. mollis – native
• Lolium perenne – introduced
• Nardus stricta – native
• Phippsia algida ssp. algidiformis – native[7]
• Phippsia algida ssp. algida – native
• Phleum alpinum – native
• Phleum pratense ssp. pratense – native
• Pleuropogon sabinei – native
• Poa abbreviata – native
• Poa alpina – native
• Poa annua – introduced
• Poa arctica ssp. arctica – native
• Poa arctica ssp. caespitans – native
• Poa flexuosa – native
• Poa glauca – native
• Poa hartzii – native
• Poa nemoralis – native
• Poa palustris – introduced
• Poa pratensis – native
• Poa pratensis ssp. alpigena – native
• Poa pratensis ssp. colpodea – native
• Poa pratensis ssp. irrigata – native
• Poa trivialis – introduced
• Puccinellia andersonii – native
• Puccinellia angustata – native
• Puccinellia bruggemannii – native[6][7]
• Puccinellia capillaris – native[6]
• Puccinellia deschampsioides – native
• Puccinellia groenlandica – native, endemic
• Puccinellia laurentiana – native
• Puccinellia maritima – native
• Puccinellia nutkaensis – native
• Puccinellia phryganodes – native
• Puccinellia porsildii – native
• Puccinellia pumila – native[6]
• Puccinellia rosenkrantzii – native, endemic
• Puccinellia tenella ssp. langeana – native
• Puccinellia vaginata – native
• Puccinellia vahliana – native
• Trisetum spicatum – native
• Vahlodea atropurpurea – native

Polemoniaceae

• Polemonium boreale – native

Polygalaceae

• Polygala serpyllifolia – probably introduced

Polygonaceae

• Bistorta vivipara – native
• Fallopia convolvulus – introduced
• Koenigia islandica – native
• Oxyria digyna – native
• Persicaria lapathifolia – introduced
• Persicaria maculosa – introduced
• Polygonum aviculare ssp. boreale – introduced
• Rumex acetosella ssp. acetosella – introduced
• Rumex acetosella ssp. tenuifolius – native
• Rumex acetosella ssp. arenicola – native
• Rumex alpestris ssp. lapponicus – native
• Rumex longifolius – introduced
• Rumex obtusifolius – introduced

Polypodiaceae

• Polypodium sibiricum – native

Portulacaceae

• Montia fontana – native

Potamogetonaceae

• Potamogeton alpinus ssp. tenuifolius – native
• Potamogeton gramineus – native
• Potamogeton groenlandicus – native, endemic
• Potamogeton natans – native
• Potamogeton perfoliatus ssp. perfoliatus – native
• Potamogeton praelongus – native
• Stuckenia filiformis ssp. alpina – native
• Stuckenia filiformis ssp. filiformis – native

Primulaceae

• Androsace septentrionalis – native
• Primula egaliksensis – native
• Primula stricta – native

Ranunculaceae

• Anemone richardsonii – native
• Batrachium confervoides – native
• Coptis trifoliata – native
• Ranunculus acris ssp. acris – native
• Ranunculus arcticus – native
• Ranunculus auricomus – native
• Ranunculus cymbalaria – native
• Ranunculus glacialis – native
• Ranunculus hyperboreus ssp. hyperboreus – native
• Ranunculus lapponicus – native
• Ranunculus nivalis – native
• Ranunculus pygmaeus – native
• Ranunculus repens – introduced
• Ranunculus reptans – native
• Ranunculus sabinei – native
• Ranunculus sulphureus – native
• Thalictrum alpinum – native

Rosaceae

• Acomastylis rossii – native
• Alchemilla alpina – native
• Alchemilla filicaulis – native
• Alchemilla glomerulans – native
• Alchemilla vestita – native
• Alchemilla wichurae – native
• Argentina anserina – native
• Argentina egedei ssp. egedei – native
• Comarum palustre – native
• Dryas integrifolia – native
• Dryas octopetala ssp. punctata – native
• Geum rivale – native
• Potentilla chamissonis – native
• Potentilla crantzii – native
• Potentilla hookeriana – native
• Potentilla hyparctica ssp. hyparctica – native
• Potentilla insularis – native
• Potentilla nivea ssp. nivea – native
• Potentilla nivea ssp. subquinata – native
• Potentilla norvegica ssp. norvegica – introduced
• Potentilla pulchella ssp. pulchella – native
• Potentilla ranunculus – native
• Potentilla rubella – native, endemic
• Potentilla rubricaulis – native
• Potentilla stipularis – native
• Potentilla vahliana – native
• Rubus chamaemorus – native
• Rubus idaeus ssp. idaeus – native
• Rubus saxatilis – native
• Sibbaldia procumbens – native
• Sibbaldiopsis tridentata – native

Rubiaceae

• Galium album – introduced
• Galium aparine – introduced
• Galium boreale – native
• Galium brandegei – native
• Galium triflorum – native
• Galium uliginosum – introduced
• Galium verum – introduced[3]

Salicaceae

• Salix arctica – native
• Salix arctophila – native
• Salix glauca ssp. callicarpaea – native
• Salix glauca ssp. glauca – native
• Salix herbacea – native
• Salix reticulata – native
• Salix uva-ursi – native

Saxifragaceae

• Chrysosplenium tetrandrum – native
• Saxifraga aizoides – native
• Saxifraga cernua – native
• Saxifraga cespitosa ssp. cespitosa – native
• Saxifraga foliolosa – native
• Saxifraga hieracifolia – native
• Saxifraga hirculus – native
• Saxifraga hyperborea – native
• Saxifraga nathorstii – native, endemic
• Saxifraga nivalis – native
• Saxifraga oppositifolia ssp. oppositifolia – native
• Saxifraga paniculata – native
• Saxifraga platysepala – native
• Saxifraga rivularis – native
• Saxifraga rosacea – native
• Saxifraga stellaris – native
• Saxifraga tenuis – native
• Saxifraga tricuspidata – native

Scrophulariaceae

• Limosella aquatica – native
• Linaria vulgaris – introduced
• Verbascum thapsus – casual

Selaginellaceae

• Selaginella rupestris – native
• Selaginella selaginoides – native

Sparganiaceae

• Sparganium angustifolium – native
• Sparganium hyperboreum – native

Thelypteridaceae

• Phegopteris connectilis – native

Urticaceae

• Urtica dioica ssp. dioica – introduced
• Urtica urens – introduced

Violaceae

• Viola adunca – native
• Viola arvensis – introduced
• Viola canina ssp. montana – native
• Viola palustris – native
• Viola selkirkii – native

Woodsiaceae

• Athyrium distentifolium ssp. americanum – native
• Athyrium filix-femina ssp. angustum – native
• Cystopteris fragilis – native
• Cystopteris montana – native
• Gymnocarpium dryopteris – native
• Woodsia alpina – native
• Woodsia glabella – native
• Woodsia ilvensis – native

Zosteraceae

• Zostera marina – native

References

1. Tyge W. Böcher, B. Fredskild, K. Holmen & K. Jakobsen (1978). Grønlands Flora (in Danish) (3rd ed.). Copenhagen: P. Haase & Søns Forlag.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
2. Reidar Elven, Inger Nordal & Vladimir Y. Razzhivin (May 30, 2000). "PanArctic Flora Checklist". Archived from the original on September 15, 2008.
3. Felix Gartmann (1990). "Three species of flowering plants new for Greenland". Acta Botanica Islandica. 10: 23–25.
4. F. J. A. Daniels & C. M. van Herk (1984). "Equisetum hiemale L. found in Greenland". Acta Botanica Islandica. 7: 31–36.
5. Vilhelm Dalgaard & Bent Fredskild (1993). "× Ledodendron vanhoeffeni (syn.: Rhododendron vanhoeffeni) refound in Greenland". Nordic Journal of Botany. 13 (3): 253–255. doi:10.1111/j.1756-1051.1993.tb00045.x.
6. Flora of North America
7. Christian Bay (1993). "Taxa of vascular plants new to the flora of Greenland". Nordic Journal of Botany. 13 (3): 247–252. doi:10.1111/j.1756-1051.1993.tb00044.x.