List of Ismaili castles
List of the strongholds (دار الهجرة dār al-hijrah, literally "place of refuge") of the Nizari Ismaili state in Persia (Iran) and Syria.
Location of several of the Ismaili castles in the regions of Alamut and Rudbar.
The state had around 200 fortresses overall. Most of the Persian Ismaili castles were in the Alborz mountains, in the regions of Daylaman (particularly, in Alamut and Rudbar; north of modern-day Qazvin) and Quhistan (south of Khurasan), as well as in Qumis. Most of the Syrian Ismaili castles were in Jabal Bahra' (Syrian Coastal Mountain Range).
Architecture
The Ismaili fortresses in Rudbar of Alamut had been built on rocky heights and were equipped to withstand long sieges; they had storehouses with high capacities and elaborate water supply infrastructure such as cisterns, qanats, and canals.[1]
Persia
| Name | Image | Condition | Location | Present-day location | Coordinates | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alamut Castle (قلعه الموت) |  |
destroyed, partially restored | Alamut | Qazvin Province | 36°26′40.63″N 50°35′9.58″E | The capital of the Nizari state. |
| Lambsar, Lambasar (لمبسر), Lamsar, Lamasar (لمسر), Lanbasar (لنبمسر) |  |
in ruins | Alamut | Qazvin Province | Captured, refortified, and governed by Kiya Buzurg-Ummid. Probably the largest Nizari castle. | |
| Rudkhan Castle (قلعه رودخان) |  |
rebuilt | Daylam | 37.064357°N 49.239276°E | ||
| Maymun-Diz (میمون‌دز), Meymundezh (میمون‌دژ) | N/A | destroyed and lost | Rudbar | Qazvin Province | Destroyed by the Mongols in 1256. | |
| Samiran Castle (قلعه سمیران) |  |
in ruins | Tarem | Qazvin Province | ||
| Nevizar Shah Castle (قلعه نویزر شاه), Navisar/Nevisar Shah Castle (قلعه نویسر شاه) | Rudbar | Qazvin Province | ||||
| Mansurkuh (منصورکوه), Mansurakuh |  |
in ruins | Qumis | Semnan Province | [2] | |
| Mehrnegar Castle (Damghan), Mihrnigar (قلعه مهرنگار), Mihrin/Mehrin Castle (قلعه مهرین) |  |
in ruins | Qumis | Damghan County | [3] Fell at 1253 to the Mongols. | |
| Gerdkuh/Girdkuh (گردکوه), Dezh-i Gunbadan (دژ گنبدان) |  |
in ruins | Qumis | near Damghan | 36°09′43″N 54°09′25″E | [4] The last Ismaili castle that surrendered to Mongols. |
| Ustunawand (استوناوند), Ostanavand (استاناوند), Ostanavand Castle of Naruheh (قلعه استاناوند ناروهه) | Damavand | Garmsar County | [5] | |||
| Saru castles (قلعه سارو), Soru |  |
mainly intact | Qumis | near Semnan | Two nearby related castles, Greater Saru and Lesser Saru, are recently attributed to the Ismailis. | |
| Mu'minabad/Mo'menabad Castle (قلعه مؤمن‌آباد) | Quhistan | Darmian County | ||||
| Dara, Darah قلعه دره, Duruh قلعه درح | Quhistan, near Sistan's border | A dependency of the Mo'menabad Castle. | ||||
| Citadel of Takrit (قلعة تكريت) |  |
in ruins | Tikrit, Iraq | One of the few "open" Ismaili stronghold.[6] | ||
| Qa'in/Qa'en Castle (قلعه قائن), Qal'eh Kuh of Qaen (قلعه کوه قائن), Husayn Qa'ini Castle (قلعه جسین قائنی) | Qaen, Quhistan | |||||
| Ghal'eh Kuh of Zardan (قلعه کوه زردان) |  |
in ruins | Quhistan | Zardan, Zirkuh | ||
| Furg Castle (قلعه فورگ), Furk Castle (قلعه فورک) |  |
rebuilt | Quhistan | Darmian County | ||
| Ghal'eh Kuh of Ferdows (قلعه کوه فردوس) |  |
in ruins | south of Tun, Quhistan | Ferdows County | The biggest fortress of Quhistan, per Tarikh-i Jahangushay. Burned by the invading Mongols. Connected to the Ghal'eh Kuh of Hasanabad. | |
| Ghal'eh Kuh of Hasanabad (قلعه کوه حسن‌آباد), Ghal'eh Dokhtar (قلعه دختر حسن‌آباد) |  |
in ruins | north-west of Tun, Quhistan | Ferdows County | Connected to the Ghal'eh Kuh of Ferdows. | |
| Khalanjan Castle (قلعه خالنجان), Khulanjan Castle (قلعه خولنجان), Bazi Castle (قلعه بزی) | destroyed | south of Isfahan | Nehbandan County | |||
| Anjudan (انجدان) | Anjudan | Anjudan, Markazi Province | ||||
| Sa’adat-kuh (سعادت‌کوه) | Rudbar | |||||
| Mubarak-kuh (مبارک‌کوه) | ||||||
| Firuzkuh Castle (قلعه فیروزکوه) (fa) |  |
in ruins | Rayy | Tehran Province | A concentric castle | |
| Shah-Dizh (شاهدژ), Shahdez (شاهدز), Dizkuh (دژکوه), Dizhkuh (دژکوه) |  |
in ruins | near Isfahan | on Nehbandan hill, Isfahan | Peacefully captured and refortified by Ahmad ibn Abd al-Malik ibn Attash, recaptured and destroyed by the Seljuqs[7] | |
| Kafer Ghal'eh (Sangsar) (کافر قلعه سنگسر) | Mehdishahr County, Semnan Province | |||||
| Hesaruiyeh (حصاروئیه) | ||||||
| Ghal'eh Dokhtar of Shurab ({{lang|fa|قلعه دختر شوراب}) | Quhistan | Gonabad County, South Khorasan Province | ||||
| Shir-Qal'eh (شیرقلعه) | near Shahmirzad, Semnan Province | |||||
| Gahur Castle (قلعه گهور), Boz Qal'eh (بز قلعه) |  |
in ruins | Eshtehard County, Alborz Province | |||
| Kal Hasab Sabbah Castle (قلعه کل حسن صباح) | Quhistan | Darmian County, South Khorasan Province | ||||
| Qal'eh Qela' of Mud (قلعه قلاع مود) | Quhistan | near Mud, Sarbisheh County, South Khorasan Province | ||||
| Chimarud Castle (قلعه چیمارود) | Anbuh, Gilan Province | |||||
| Kalisham Castle (قلعه و پای قلعه کلیشم) | Kalisham, Gilan Province | |||||
| Rostam Castle of Khusf (قلعه رستم خوسف), Qal'eh Dokhtar (Khusf) (قلعه دختر (خوسف)) | Quhistan | Ganj village, Khusf County | ||||
| Labrud Castle (قلعه لبرود) | Qumis | Ahvanu, Semnan Province | ||||
| Arzang Castle (ارزنگ قلعه) | near Pashand in Savojbolagh County, Alborz Province | |||||
| Kolim Fortress (دژ کلیم), Kolim Castle (قلعه کلیم) | Kolim, Poshtkuh Rural District (Semnan Province) | |||||
| Mahtabi Fortress (دژمهتابی) | Arrajan | Behbahan County, Khuzestan Province | ||||
| Gabran Castle (قلعه گبران) | near Hiv, [[[Savojbolagh County]] | |||||
| Forud Castle (قلعه فرود) |  |
Kalat, Gonabad | ||||
| Arzhang Castle (قلعه ارژنگ or ارژنگ قلعه) | Talaqan | Minavand, Alborz Province | ||||
| Mansur Castle (قلعه منصور) | Talaqan | |||||
| Markuh Castle (قلعه مارکوه), Marku Castle (قلعه مارکو) | Ramsar County | |||||
| Qal'eh Qela' of Sarayan (قلعه قلاع سرایان) | Quhistan | Masabi Rural District | ||||
| Qal'eh Qela' of Nowzad (قلعه قلاع نوزاد) | Quhistan | Darmian County | ||||
| Bamrud Castle (قلعه بمرود) | Quhistan | Bamrud, South Khorasan Province | ||||
| Espahabdan Castle (قلعه اسپهبدان) | Espahabdan | |||||
| Qal'at al-Jiss (قلعة الجص) | Arrajan | |||||
| Qal'at Halādhān, Dez Kelat (دز کلات) | Arrajan | |||||
| Qal'at al-Nazir (قلعة الناظر) | Arrajan |
Syria
The strongholds in Jabal Bahra' were known as the "Castles of the da'wa" (قلاع الدعوة qilāʿ al-daʿwah).[8]
| Name | Arabic name / Alternative spellings | Location | Condition | Image | Coordinates | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Qal'at Balis (Barbalissos) | قلعة بالس | on the Aleppo-Baghdad road | Ceded by Alp Arslan al-Akhras to Abu Tahir al-Sa'igh, commanded by Ibrahim al-Ajami. It was soon abandoned.[9] | |||
| Baniyas (Nimrod Fortress) | قلعة بانياس | Banias, Southern Syria (modern-day Israel) | 90px | Given by Toghtekin to Bahram al-Da'i[10] | ||
| Masyaf Castle | قلعة مصياف | Hama | Partially restored |  |
35°03′58″N 36°20′36″E | The most famous Syrian Ismaili castle. |
| Abu Qubays | قلعة أبو قبيس | Hama | Partially ruined |  |
35°14′5.92″N 36°19′50.83″E | Purchased from Iftikhar al-Dawla, the Fatimid governor of Jerusalem. |
| Qalaat al-Madiq | قلعة المضيق, Qal'at al-Mudiq | Hama | Residential area |  |
35°25′12″N 36°23′33″E | Briefly captured by Abu Tahir al-Sa'igh. |
| Aleika Castle | قلعة العليقة, Uleyqa | Tartus (in Jabal Bahra') |  |
A concentric castle | ||
| Al-Qadmus Castle | قلعة القدموس, Al-Qadmous; Kadmus | Tartus (in Jabal Bahra') | Ruined | 35°06′05″N 36°09′40″E | Purchased from Muslim forces. | |
| Al-Kahf Castle | قلعة الكهف | Tartus (in Jabal Bahra') | Partially ruined | 35°02′27″N 36°04′58″E | Probably the main residence of Rashid al-Din Sinan. He died in the castle in 1192. Ismailis had purchased the castle from Muslims in 1138. | |
| Khawabi Castle | قلعة الخوابي | Tartus (in Jabal Bahra') | Residential area |  |
34°58′22″N 36°00′06″E | Conquered by Baibars in 1273. |
| Rusafa Castle | قلعة الرصافة | Hama (in Jabal Bahra') | Partially ruined | 35°2′15″N 36°18′00″E | Rebuilt by Sinan. Conquered by Baibars in 1271. | |
| Qulay'ah Castle | قلعة القليعة | Tartus (in Jabal Bahra') | ||||
| Sarmin Castle | قلعة سرمين | Idlib (in Jabal Bahra') | ||||
| Maniqa Castle | قلعة المنيقة | Latakia (in Jabal Bahra') | ||||
| Shaizar Castle | قلعة شيزر | Hama (in Jabal Bahra') | In ruins |  |
Briefly occupied by the Assassins | |
| Khariba Castle | قلعة خريبة | Captured by local Nizaris in 1136–1137 from the Franks.[11] | ||||
See also
- Nizari Ismaili state
- History of Nizari Ismailism
- List of castles in Iran
- List of castles in Syria
- List of Crusader castles
- Baltit Fort, used by Ismailis of the Hunza princely state in Pakistan
- Muhammad I Tapar's anti-Nizari campaign
- Mongol campaign against the Nizaris
References
- B. Hourcade, “ALAMŪT,” Encyclopædia Iranica, I/8, pp. 797-801; an updated version is available online at http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/alamut-valley-alborz-northeast-of-qazvin- (accessed on 17 May 2014).
- Daftary 2007, p. 320-321
- Daftary 2007, p. 320-321
- Daftary 2007, p. 320-321
- Daftary 2007, p. 320-321
- Daftary 2007, p. 321-324
- "DEZKŪH – Encyclopaedia Iranica". www.iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 5 October 2018.
- Daftary 2007, p. 349-350,352
- Daftary 2007, p. 334
- Gibb, N. A. R., Editor (1932),The Damascus Chronicle of the Crusades. Extracted and translated from the Chronicle of ibn al-Qalānisi, Luzac & Company, London, pp.174-177, 179-180, 187-191
- Daftary 2007, p. 349-350,352
- "Nizari Ismaili Castles of Iran and Syria". Institute of Ismaili Studies. Retrieved 11 February 2014.
- Willey, Peter (2005), Eagle's Nest: Ismaili Castles in Iran and Syria, Institute of Ismaili Studies, I.B.Tauris, ISBN 9781850434641
- Daftary, Farhad (2007). The Isma'ilis: Their History and Doctrines (2nd, revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-46578-6.
- «دانشنامهٔ تاریخ معماری و شهرسازی ایران‌شهر»، وزارت راه و شهرسازی (in Persian)
Further reading
- Willey, Peter (2001). The Castles of the Assassins. Linden Pub. ISBN 9780941936644.
External links
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- "Nizari Ismaili Concept of Castles", The Institute of Ismaili Studies
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