List of Islamic scholars described as father or founder of a field

The following is a list of internationally recognized Muslim scholars of medieval Islamic civilization who have been described as the father or the founder of a field by some modern scholars:

Clockwise from top: Al-Zahrawi, Abbas ibn Firnas, Al-Biruni, Avicenna, Averroes, Ibn al-Nafis, ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi, Alhazen, Ibn Khaldun.
  • Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi, "father of modern surgery"[1] and the "father of operative surgery".[2]
  • Ibn Al-Nafis, "father of circulatory physiology and anatomy.[3][4][5]
  • Abbas Ibn Firnas, father of medieval aviation.[6][7]
  • Alhazen, "father of modern optics".[8][9]
  • Jabir ibn Hayyan, father of chemistry
  • Ibn Khaldun father of sociology, historiography and modern economics. He is best known for his Muqaddimah.
  • Ibn Sina father of early modern medicine.[10]
  • 'Ali ibn al-'Abbas al-Majusi, also known as Haly Abbas: founder of anatomic physiology".[11] In addition, the section on dermatology in his Kamil as-sina'ah at-tibbiyah (Royal book-Liber Regius) has one scholar to regard him as the "father of Arabic dermatology".[12]
  • Al-Biruni: the "founder of Indology", "father of comparative religion" and geodesy, and "first anthropologist" titles for his remarkable description of early 11th-century India.[13] Georg Morgenstierne regarded him as "the founder of comparative studies in human culture".[14] Al-Biruni is also known as the "father of Islamic pharmacy".[15][16]
  • Al-Khawarizmi: most renowned as the "father of algebra". Solomon Gandz states: "In a sense, Khwarizmi is more entitled to be called "the father of algebra" than Diophantus because Khwarizmi is the first to teach algebra in an elementary form and for its own sake, Diophantus is primarily concerned with the theory of numbers".[17]
  • Ibn Hazm: father of comparative religion and "honoured in the West as that of the founder of the science of comparative religion".[18] Alfred Guillaume refers to him the composer of "the first systematic higher critical study of the Old and New testaments".[19] However, William Montgomery Watt disputes the claim, stating that Ibn Hazm's work was preceded by earlier works in Arabic and that "the aim was polemical and not descriptive".[20]
  • Al-Farabi: regarded as the "founder of Islamic/Arab Neoplatonism"[21][22] and by some as the "father of formal logic in the Islamic world".[23][24]
  • Muhammad al-Idrisi: father of world map[25]
  • Averroes (Ibn Rushd) (1126-1198): known in west as The Commentator, "father of free thought and unbelief"[26][27] and has been described by some as the "father of rationalism"[28] and the "founding father of secular thought in Western Europe".[29][30] Ernest Renan called Averroes the absolute rationalist, and regarded him as the father of freethought and dissent.[31]
  • Rhazes: His treatise on Diseases in Children has led many to consider him the "father of pediatrics".[32][33][34] He has also been praised as the "real founder of clinical medicine in Islam".[35]
  • Muhammad al-Shaybani: the father of Muslim international law.[36]
  • Ismail al-Jazari: Father of Automaton and Robotics.[37]
  • Suhrawardi: founder of the Illuminationist school of Islamic philosophy.[38][39]
  • Al-Tusi, "father of trigonometry" as a mathematical discipline in its own right.[40][41][42]

See also

References
  1. A, Martín-Araguz; Bustamante-Martínez, C; Fernández-Armayor Ajo, V; Moreno-Martínez, JM (2002). "Neuroscience in Al Andalus and its influence on medieval scholastic medicine". Revista de Neurología. 34 (9): 877–92. doi:10.33588/rn.3409.2001382. PMID 12134355.
  2. SS, Wijesinha (1983). "El Zahrawi (936-1013 AD), the father of operative surgery". Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. 65 (6): 423. PMC 2494430. PMID 6357042.
  3. Feucht, Cynthia; Greydanus, Donald E.; Merrick, Joav; Patel, Dilip R.; Omar, Hatim A. (2012). Pharmacotherapeutics in Medical Disorders. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 9783110276367.
  4. Moore, Lisa Jean; Casper, Monica J. (2014). The Body: Social and Cultural Dissections. Routledge. ISBN 9781136771729.
  5. deVries, Catherine R.; Price, Raymond R. (2012). Global Surgery and Public Health: A New Paradigm. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. ISBN 9780763780487.
  6. How Invention Begins: Echoes of Old Voices in the Rise of New MachinesBy John H. Lienhard
  7. Sustainable Aviation by T. Hikmet Karakoc, C. Ozgur Colpan, Onder Altuntas, Yasin Sohret
  8. "International Year of Light: Ibn al Haytham, pioneer of modern optics celebrated at UNESCO". UNESCO. Retrieved 2 June 2018.
  9. "The 'first true scientist'". 2009. Retrieved 2 June 2018.
  10. "Avicenna's Canon of Medicine: A Look at Health, Public Health, and Environmental Sanitation" (PDF). Researchgate.net. Retrieved 6 January 2018.
  11. Goodman, Herman (1953). "Notable contributors to the knowledge of dermatology". Medical Lay Press: 38.
  12. Marquis, Leslie (1985). "Arabian Contributors to Dermatology". International Journal of Dermatology. 24 (1): 60–64. doi:10.1111/j.1365-4362.1985.tb05366.x.
  13. Robinson, Francis (2010). Islam in South Asia: Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guide. Oxford University Press US. p. 10. ISBN 0-19-980644-6.
  14. G. Morgenstierne, "Al-Biruni, The Founder of Comparative Studies in Human Culture," in The Commemoration Volume of Biruni International Congress (Tehran: High Council for Culture and Art, 1973), 6.
  15. Yoke, Peng (2006). Explorations in Daoism : medicine and alchemy in literature. Routledge. p. 147. ISBN 0-415-40460-6.
  16. Hamarneh, Sami K. (1984). Anees, Munawar A. (ed.). Health sciences in early Islam : collected papers. Taylor & Francis. p. 220. ISBN 0-9608754-0-9.
  17. Gandz and Saloman (1936), The sources of Khwarizmi's algebra, Osiris i, pp. 263–77: .
  18. Gibb, H. A. R. Sir Thomas Arnold, Alfred Guillaume (ed.). The Legacy of Islam. Retrieved 29 May 2012.
  19. Crandall, Kenneth H. (1954). The impact of Islam on Christianity. American Friends of the Middle East. p. 3.
  20. Watt, W. Montgomery (1996). A History of Islamic Spain. Edinburgh University Press. p. 131. ISBN 0748608478.
  21. Fakhry, Majid. "Al-Farabi, Founder of Islamic Neoplatonism". Retrieved 26 May 2011.
  22. Collinson, Diané; Plant, Kathryn; Wilkinson, Robert (1999). Fifty Eastern Thinkers. Routledge. p. 26. ISBN 0-203-00540-6.
  23. Nasr, Seyyed Hossein (2006). Islamic philosophy from its origin to the present : philosophy in the land of prophecy. State Univ. of New York Press. p. 110. ISBN 0-7914-6799-6.
  24. Bevir, Mark (2010). Encyclopedia of political theory. Sage Publications. p. 14. ISBN 1-4129-5865-2.
  25. Harley & Woodward, 1992, pp. 156–161.
  26. Guillaume, Alfred (1945). The Legacy of Islam. Oxford University Press.
  27. Bratton, Fred (1967). Maimonides, medieval modernist. Beacon Press.
  28. Gill, John (2009). Andalucía : a cultural history. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 108–110. ISBN 0-19-537610-2.
  29. "John Carter Brown Library Exhibitions - Islamic encounters". Retrieved 26 May 2011.
  30. "Ahmed, K. S. "Arabic Medicine: Contributions and Influence". The Proceedings of the 17th Annual History of Medicine Days, March 7th and 8th, 2008 Health Sciences Centre, Calgary, AB" (PDF). Retrieved 29 May 2011.
  31. Walker, Benjamin (1997). The foundations of Islam : the making of a world faith. London: Peter Owen. ISBN 0-7206-1038-9.
  32. Wren, Benjamin. Teaching world civilization with joy and enthusiasm. University Press of America. p. 139. ISBN 0-7618-2747-1.
  33. Major, Ralph (1954). A history of medicine. 1. Thomas. p. 239.
  34. Ahmad, A; O'Leary, JP (Nov 1997). "Observations on early suture materials: the first stitch in time". The American surgeon. 63 (11): 1027–8. ISSN 0003-1348. PMID 9358798. One of his best known treatises was on Diseases in Children, and in some circles he has been acclaimed as the father of pediatrics.
  35. Frye, Richard (1975). The Cambridge History of Iran. 4. Cambridge University Press. p. 416. ISBN 0-521-20093-8.
  36. Tabassum, Sadia (20 April 2011). "Combatants, not bandits: the status of rebels in Islamic law". International Review of the Red Cross. 93 (881): 121–139. doi:10.1017/S1816383111000117.
  37. Tabassum, Sadia (20 April 2011). "Combatants, not bandits: the status of rebels in Islamic law". International Review of the Red Cross. 93 (881): 121–139. doi:10.1017/S1816383111000117.
  38. Plott, John C.; James Michael Dolin; Wallace Gray (1989). Global history of philosophy. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 38. ISBN 81-208-0552-6.
  39. Kraemer, Joel L. (2010). Maimonides : the life and world of one of civilization's greatest minds. Doubleday. p. 204. ISBN 0-385-51200-7.
  40. "Al-Tusi_Nasir biography". www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk. Retrieved 2018-08-05. One of al-Tusi's most important mathematical contributions was the creation of trigonometry as a mathematical discipline in its own right rather than as just a tool for astronomical applications. In Treatise on the quadrilateral al-Tusi gave the first extant exposition of the whole system of plane and spherical trigonometry. This work is really the first in history on trigonometry as an independent branch of pure mathematics and the first in which all six cases for a right-angled spherical triangle are set forth.
  41. "the cambridge history of science".
  42. electricpulp.com. "ṬUSI, NAṢIR-AL-DIN i. Biography – Encyclopaedia Iranica". www.iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 2018-08-05. His major contribution in mathematics (Nasr, 1996, pp. 208-14) is said to be in trigonometry, which for the first time was compiled by him as a new discipline in its own right. Spherical trigonometry also owes its development to his efforts, and this includes the concept of the six fundamental formulas for the solution of spherical right-angled triangles.
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