La Matanza (1910–1920)
La Matanza ("The Slaughter") was a series of attacks and lynchings of Mexican ethnics by white Texans between 1910 and 1920 in the midst of tension between the United States and Mexico during the Mexican Revolution.[1] These violent acts and killings were committed by Texan vigilantes and law enforcement, such as the Texas Rangers during their operations against bandit raids known as the Bandit Wars.[1] At least an estimated 571 Mexican Americans were lynched between 1848 and 1928, 20% of whom were lynched in the 1910s; in total, about an estimated 5,000 Mexican Americans were killed during this period.[1][2] Historians have long regarded these acts of violence as individual, unconnected events; however, more recently historians have noted connections between these violent acts and described them as interconnected parts of a period of anti-Mexican violence. One group of historians names the incidents "La Matanza of 1915".
Mexican Revolution
The Mexican Revolution started in 1910. Mexican refugees, looking to escape the violence of the revolution, began migrating to Texas, causing the Mexican population in the U.S. to triple during the 1910s.[3] The revolution also caused outbursts of violence along the Texas–Mexico border, including raiding by bandits from Mexico and retaliatory counter-raids by Americans.[1] Prior to 1914, the Carrancistas were responsible for most attacks along the border, but in January 1915 rebels known as Seditionistas drafted the Plan of San Diego and began launching their own raids. The plan called for a race war to rid the American border states of their Anglo-American population and for Mexico to annex the states. They never launched a full-scale invasion of the United States, resorting to conducting small raids into Texas. Much of the fighting involved the Texas Ranger Division, although the United States Army also engaged in small unit actions with bands of Seditionista raiders.[4][5] Mexican rebels from the states of Tamaulipas, Coahuila, and Chihuahua carried out a series of raids called the Bandit War in Texas, beginning in 1914 and culminating in 1919. Americans in the Lower Rio Grande Valley feared losing both their land and control over their country. The growing Mexican population in Texas further contributed to the threat of the revolution.[3] Tensions between Mexico and the United States eventually led to violence between white Americans and Mexicans, and the lynching of Mexican ethnics.[1]
Beginning cases
Antonio Rodriguez
Antonio Rodriguez was the first victim who died due to La Matanza in 1910.[1] He was a 20-year-old migrant worker who had moved from Mexico to Rocksprings, Texas, in search of work.[1] On November 2, he was accused of murdering a white Texan[1][3], arrested, and jailed. On November 3, 1910, a mob took him from his jail cell and burned him alive.[3] An investigation by Mexican officials took place, but it was inconclusive. When news of the lynching reached Guadalajara, Mexico, Rodriguez's hometown, the residents of the town staged protests, demanding further investigation into the death of Rodriguez, the arrest of his lynchers, and more protection for Mexicans in the U.S.[1]
Antonio Gomez
Antonio Gomez was a fourteen-year-old Mexican boy from Thorndale, Texas. On June 19, 1911, while trying to escape from a mob that encircled him, he killed a German man named Charles Zieschang. He was immediately arrested and taken to the town jailhouse. Anticipating that mob would take Gomez out of his jail cell and lynch him, the constable of the town made plans to transport him to the county jail in Cameron, Texas. While the boy was being transported, a mob of four men intercepted two men, who were transporting the boy, and Gomez. They captured Gomez, lynching him successfully after a failed attempt in the night of the day. The following morning, a mob drove Gomez's family away from the town with death threats. Two witnesses to the lynching later identified the four men who lynched Gomez, who were arrested.[1]
Leon Martinez Jr.
Leon Martinez Jr.'s execution was justified with the law, classified as a legal lynching. Such executions or legal lynchings are still classified as part of the total of 571 lynchings of Mexican Americans that occurred between 1848 and 1928. He lived in Toyah, Texas, with his family. On July 23, 1911, he was accused of murdering a young white woman, with the testimony of multiple witnesses. On two separate occasions, he confessed to the crime under force, first to a mob, and then to a sheriff who arrested him. On July 28, 1911, Martinez was tried for murder. The following day, a jury found him guilty, and he was sentenced to death. Because Martinez's attorneys, who were proceeding to file an appeal, were obstructed by a mob, the county judge ruled that Martinez was to be hanged on September 1. Governor of Texas Oscar Branch Colquitt postponed the execution for 30 days due to outrage from across the nation. On November 3, 1911, the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals ruled in favor of a new trial. A trial in the Supreme Court was proposed, but the Supreme Court rejected the case, citing its lack of jurisdiction. Multiple pleas from various people were sent to Colquitt to pardon Martinez, but he did not. On May 11, 1914, Martinez was executed legally by hanging.[1]
Plan of San Diego
The Plan of San Diego was drafted in 1915 by Mexican rebels.[2] It involved Mexicans, Native Americans, and African Americans taking land from the white population by the Mexican, Native American, and African-American races in a series of raids and attacks. The territories that they planned to invade were Texas, New Mexico, Colorado, Arizona, and California. It also included the killing of all white males over the age of 16 years. Although the rebels were never able to launch a full-scale invasion of the lands that they demanded, they were able to conduct a series of raids targeted at white Americans. In turn, the Plan of San Diego further increased the prevalence of anti-Mexican sentiment during La Matanza.[2]
Texas Rangers
During the Mexican Revolution, the Texas Rangers were known for violence against Mexicans, including American residents of Mexican origin. Their anti-Mexican sentiment was fueled by the ongoing revolution and the Plan of San Diego. The Mexican population, which knew the Rangers for brutality, gave them the name "los diablos tejanos", which means "the Texan devils".[2] Many accounts of the Rangers' violence were recorded throughout La Matanza.[3] The organization occasionally worked with white vigilantes. They were legally supported by the Texas Legislature.[2]
Jesus Bazan and Antonio Longoria
Jesus Bazan and Antonio Longoria were two well-known Mexican-American residents of South Texas. Despite their prominent status, the two men were victims of violence against Mexican Americans. In September 1915, armed robbers stole the horses of Jesus Bazan and Antonio Longoria along with some of their supplies. On September 27, the two men reported the incident to Henry Ransom. Ransom, who was a member of the Rangers, chased them after they finished describing the robbery to him and shot both of them, killing them. After the murder, Ransom ordered his fellow Rangers not to move the bodies of the two men to spread fear. In October, several friends of Longoria and other locals finally buried the two bodies. No official investigation into the killings took place, and Ransom did not inform higher authorities of the incident. The justice of the peace did not release death certificates.[3]
Porvenir massacre
Early in the morning of January 28, 1918, Company B of the Texas Rangers and four cattle ranchers, led by Captain James Monroe Fox, surrounded the village of Porvenir in Presidio County, Texas. With the help of the 8th Cavalry Regiment, the Rangers and the cavalry woke up the residents of Porvenir at around 2:00 A.M. and brought them out of their homes. They took the 15 men and older boys of the village. Captain Fox dismissed the cavalry unit after the residents were gathered, and several Rangers probed the residents' homes for weapons. After the cavalry left, the Rangers proceeded to bind the 15 men with ropes and fired at them, killing all of them while they stood three feet away. They continued to fire until they ran out of bullets. Hearing sounds of the massacre, the 8th Cavalry Regiment went back to the town to investigate the commotion, witnessing the aftermath of the massacre.[3]
Canales investigation
The Canales investigation was an inquiry into the violent actions of the Texas Rangers and state police against Mexican Americans. It began in January 1919, and was presented and sponsored by State Representative Jose Canales, who sought to publicize the actions of the Texas Rangers. Throughout the investigation, Canales gathered evidence and testimony from witnesses that exemplified the violence committed by the Texas Rangers toward Mexican ethnics. When the investigation went to trial, Canales brought 19 charges against the Texas Rangers with his evidence and witnesses. The charges were ultimately dropped.[3]
Aftermath
According to CNN, descendants of victims of La Matanza predicted as early as July 2019 that anti-immigrant sentiment could lead to violence, such as that in the 2019 El Paso shooting, where 22 people were killed and 24 injured in an El Paso shopping mall.[6]
Further reading
- Carrigan, W. D., & Webb, C. (2013). Forgotten Dead: Mob Violence against Mexicans in the United States, 1848-1928. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Keil, R., & McBride, E. (2002). Bosque Bonito: Violent times along the borderland during the Mexican Revolution. Alpine, TX: Sul Ross State University, Center for Big Bend Studies.
- Levario, M. A. (2012). Militarizing the Border: When Mexicans Became the Enemy. College Station, TX: Texas A & M University Press.
- Martinez, Monica Muñoz. (2018).The Injustice Never Leaves You: Anti-Mexican Violence in Texas Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674976436
- Villanueva, N. (2017). The Lynching of Mexicans in the Texas Borderlands. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press.
See also
References
- Villanueva, Nicholas. The lynching of Mexicans in the Texas borderlands. ISBN 9780826360304. OCLC 1032029983.
- Benjamin Heber Johnson (2005). Revolution in Texas : how a forgotten rebellion and its bloody suppression turned Mexicans into Americans. Yale University Press. ISBN 0300109709. OCLC 60837804.
- Martinez, Monica Muñoz. The injustice never leaves you : anti-Mexican violence in Texas. ISBN 9780674976436. OCLC 1020313014.
- Utley, Robert M., Lone Star Lawmen: The Second Century of the Texas Rangers, Berkley (2008) Chapter I: The Border 1910–1915. ISBN 978-0425219386
- "Plan of San Diego". The Handbook of Texas Online – Texas State Historical Association.
- Rosa Flores; Michelle Krupa (August 8, 2019), "The El Paso shooting is exactly what descendants of a 1915 massacre at the US–Mexico border had warned about", CNN, retrieved August 8, 2019