Kathleen Cleaver

Kathleen Neal Cleaver (born May 13, 1945) is an American professor of law, known for her involvement with the Black Power movement and the Black Panther Party.

Kathleen Cleaver
Cleaver speaking at Free U.S. Political Prisoners Spring Break Jericho March Rally on March 27, 1998
Born
Kathleen Neal

(1945-05-13) May 13, 1945
Dallas, Texas
NationalityAmerican
OccupationProfessor of law
Political partyBlack Panther Party
MovementBlack Power Movement
Spouse(s)
​
(
m. 1967; div. 1987)
Children2

Early life

Kathleen Neal Cleaver was born in Dallas, Texas, on May 13, 1945. Her parents were both activists and college graduates of the University of Michigan. Her father was a sociology professor at Wiley College in Marshall, Texas, and her mother earned a master's degree in mathematics. Three years after Cleaver was born, her father, Ernest Neal, accepted a job as the director of the Rural Life Council of Tuskegee Institute in Alabama, and they moved to a predominantly black community beside the campus. Six years later, Ernest joined the Foreign Service. The family moved abroad and lived in such countries as India, Liberia, Sierra Leone, and the Philippines.[1] Spending time in India exposed Kathleen to different beliefs, including socialism, communism, and nationalism. The family returned to the United States after her brother died from leukaemia and the family broke apart. Cleaver attended a Quaker boarding school near Philadelphia, George School, which had just been desegregated.[1] She graduated with honors in 1963. She continued her education at Oberlin College, and later transferred to Barnard College. In 1966, she left college for a secretarial job with the New York office of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) after her friend from childhood, Sammy Younge, had been murdered by white supremacists. The shift of the movement was characterized by the change from "Freedom Now" to "Black Power."[2][3]

Black Panther Party

Cleaver was in charge of organizing a student conference at Fisk University in Nashville, Tennessee. At the conference, Cleaver met the minister of information for the Black Panther Party, Eldridge Cleaver, who was speaking at the conference. He had just gotten out of jail and published Soul on Ice. She moved to San Francisco in November 1967 to join the Black Panther Party, and just a month and a half later, right after Christmas, Eldridge and Kathleen had married.[4] She joined about three to four weeks after Huey Newton was charged for killing an Oakland policeman in a pre-drawn shootout.[5] It was in San Francisco that Kathleen became the Communications Secretary for the party and worked on organizing demonstrations, creating pamphlets, holding press conferences, designing posters, and speaking at rallies and on TV.[6] Cleavers applied everything that she learned from the SNCC to the Black Panther Party. She created the position herself, motivated by Julian Bond in SNCC. Despite the fact that over two thirds of Black Panthers members were women, Cleaver was one of only a few to hold senior positions within the party. Cleaver became the communications secretary and the first female member of the Party's decision-making body. She also served as the spokesperson and press secretary. Notably, she organized the national campaign to free the Party's minister of defense, Huey Newton, who was jailed. Kathleen Neal Cleaver was among a small group of women who were prominent in the Black Panther Party, which included Elaine Brown and Ericka Huggins.[7]

The first major attack against the Black Panther Party was in the 1960s by Los Angeles's first ever SWAT team. As a few years went by, in 1971 almost 30 of the members of the black panther party had been killed. Cleaver had a difficult time healing from the passing of so many of her colleagues and has been emotionally scarred. What helped her the most was going to the root of it all, which was finding where the anxiety and trauma came from. As time went on, there was a group of women from the Black Panther Party, including Cleaver, who would meet up and discuss what happened to them, restore their health, and to recover from the injuries and traumatic experiences they faced [5] In 1968 (the same year her husband ran for president on the Peace and Freedom ticket) she ran for California's 18th state assembly district, also as a candidate of the Peace and Freedom party. Cleaver received 2,778 votes[8] for 4.7% of the total vote, finishing third in a four-candidate race.[9]

As a result of their involvement with the Black Panther Party, the Cleavers were often the target of police investigations. The Cleavers' apartment was raided in 1968 before a Panther rally by the San Francisco Tactical Squad on the suspicion of hiding guns and ammunition. Later that year, Eldridge Cleaver staged a deliberate ambush of Oakland police officers during which two police officers were injured. Cleaver was wounded and fellow Black Panther member Bobby Hutton was killed in a shootout following the initial exchange of gunfire.[10] Charged with attempted murder, he jumped bail to flee to Cuba and later went to Algeria.

When Cleaver returned to the United States, he stated the shootout was a deliberate ambush against police. The same author who broke the news of this claim doubted its veracity, because it was in the context of an uncharacteristic speech in which Cleaver stated "we need police as heroes," and said that he denounced civilian review boards of police shootings for the reason that "it is a rubber stamp for murder." The author speculates that it could have been a pay off to the Alameda County justice system, whose judge only just days earlier had given Eldridge Cleaver probation instead of prison time; Cleaver was sentenced to community service after getting charged with three counts of assault against three Oakland police officers.[10] The PBS documentary A Huey Newton Story finds that "Bobby Hutton was shot more than twelve times after he had already surrendered and stripped down to his underwear to prove he was not armed."[11] During Kathleen Cleaver's time with the Black Panther Party she helped feed people, provided medical care to families, and took families to visit loved ones in prison. She also “helped put together healing retreats for women who had been in the Black Panther Party, women who had been living underground, who had been tortured, who had been exiled” [12]

Living in exile
Kathleen Cleaver delivering a speech in Ruby Diamond Auditorium at Florida State University, November 1971.

In 1969 Kathleen reunited with Eldridge in Algeria,[13] which was a single-party socialist regime with revolutionary Third World credentials, though also increasingly authoritarian. Cleaver gave birth to their first son, Maceo, soon after arriving in Algeria. A year later in 1970, she gave birth to their daughter Joju Younghi Cleaver, while the family was in North Korea. Eldridge had increasingly found himself at odds with Huey Newton, one of the party's co-founders and leaders, over the direction the group should take; Newton, recently out of jail, was channeling resources into re-establishing the community outreach "survival programmes", whereas Cleaver favoured a more direct, and at times violent, approach. In 1971, this discord led to the separation of the International Branch of the Black Panther Party, as the Cleavers formed a new organisation called the Revolutionary People's Communication Network. Cleaver returned to promoting and speaking about the new organization. To accomplish this, she and the children moved back to New York. The Algerian government became disgruntled with Eldridge and the new organisation and he was forced to leave the country secretly and meet up with Kathleen in Paris in 1973. Kathleen left for the United States later that year to arrange Eldridge's return and raise a defence fund. In 1974, the French government granted legal residency to the Cleavers, and the family was finally reunited. However, after only a year, the Cleavers moved back to the United States, where Eldridge was arrested and tried for the shoot-out in 1968 and was found guilty of assault. He was sentenced to five years' probation and 2,000 hours of community service. Cleaver went to work on the Eldridge Cleaver Defence Fund and he was freed on bail in 1976. Eldridge's legal situation was not finally resolved until 1980. Throughout this time, Eldridge shifted his political views to the right.


Later life

Kathleen Cleaver left Eldridge in 1981 and went back to university, receiving a full scholarship from Yale University. She graduated in 1984, Phi Beta Kappa and summa cum laude with a Bachelor of Arts degree in history.[14] In 1987, she divorced Eldridge Cleaver. She had decided she wanted to become a lawyer as she watched the Watergate Hearing in the early 1970s.[5] Therefore, she continued her education by getting her J.D. degree from Yale Law School in 1989. After graduating, she worked for the law firm of Cravath, Swaine & Moore, and followed this with numerous jobs including: law clerk in the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit in Philadelphia under Judge A. Higginbotham, the faculty of Emory University in Atlanta, visiting faculty member at the Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law in New York City, the Graduate School of Yale University and Sarah Lawrence College.

In 2005, Cleaver was selected an inaugural Fletcher Foundation Fellow. She then worked as a Senior Research Associate at the Yale Law School, and a Senior Lecturer in the African American Studies department at Yale University. She is currently serving as senior lecturer at Emory University School of Law.[14] In addition to her career, she works on numerous campaigns, including freedom for death-row inmate Mumia Abu-Jamal and habeas corpus for Geronimo Pratt. Cleaver has also worked for many years on and published a memoir titled Memories of Love and War. Cleaver has had her writing appear in multiple newspapers and magazines including Ramparts, The Black Panther, The Village Voice, The Boston Globe, and Transition, and she has contributed scholarly essays to the books Critical Race Feminism, Critical White Studies, The Promise of Multiculturalism, and The Black Panther Party Reconsidered. She has also helped edit essays and a writing done by Eldridge Cleaver, Target Zero: A Life in the Writing.[15] She and other former members of the Black Panther Party continue to meet and discuss issues.

See also

References
  1. Mosnier, Joseph (16 September 2011). "Kathleen Cleaver oral history interview conducted by Joseph Mosnier in Atlanta, Georgia, 2011-09-16" (PDF). Library of Congress. Retrieved 1 May 2019.
  2. Neal Cleaver, Kathleen (1998). "Women, Power, and Revolution". historyisaweapon.com. Retrieved 1 May 2019. About two weeks before I joined SNCC, "Black Power" replaced "Freedom Now" as the battle cry.
  3. Mosnier, 2011 - Page 20
  4. Bloom, Joshua; Martin, Waldo E, Jr.; Martin, Waldo E (2012). Black Against Empire: The History and Politics of the Black Panther Party. p. 106. ISBN 9780520293281.
  5. Cleavers, Kathleen (June 2, 1999). "Women, Power, and Revolution". New Political Science. 21 (2): 231. doi:10.1080/07393149908429865.
  6. Smith, Stephen; Ellis, Catherine (August 31, 2010). Say It Loud: Great Speeches on Civil Rights and African American Identity. The New Press. p. 70. ISBN 9781595586278.
  7. Clark Hine, Darlene; Thompson, Kathleen (1998). A Shining Thread of Hope (first ed.). New York, NY: Broadway Books. p. 298. ISBN 0-7679-0110-X.
  8. "Kathleen N. Cleaver". JoinCalifornia. 1945-05-13. Retrieved 2010-08-27.
  9. "11-07-1968 Election". JoinCalifornia. 1968-11-07. Retrieved 2010-08-27.
  10. Kate Coleman, "Souled Out: Eldridge Cleaver Admits He Ambushed Those Cops", New West, May 19, 1980.
  11. "A Huey P. Newton Story – People – Bobby Hutton – PBS". www.pbs.org.
  12. Bandele, Asha. "Kathleen Cleavers". EBSCO Host. Essence. Retrieved 16 May 2019.
  13. Alexander, Leslie M; Rucker, Jr, Walter C. (2010-02-09). Encyclopedia of African American History. p. 707. ISBN 978-1851097692.
  14. "Kathleen N. Cleaver". emory.edu. Retrieved 1 May 2019.
  15. "Kathleen Cleaver". Emory Law. Emory School of Law. Retrieved 20 May 2019.
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