Herschelle Sullivan Challenor

Herchelle Sullivan Challenor (born 1938) is a foreign policy expert, international civil servant, university administrator, and was one of the key activists in the Atlanta Student Movement, part of the Civil Rights Movement, of the early 1960s.

Early Life and Family

Challenor is the second child of Atlanta natives. Her mother and aunts graduated from Spelman College and her father was a Morehouse College graduate.[1] While Challenor was born in Atlanta in 1938, the Sullivan family moved to Pittsburgh when her father enrolled in graduate school at Carnegie Institute of Technology. She was a preschooler when they moved. Her father became an electrical engineer and then a college professor.[2] In Pittsburgh her mother also earned her Master's in Social Work. They remained in Pittsburgh throughout her childhood.[1] When they graduated from high school, she and her sister were each offered scholarships from colleges in the north, but both chose to follow in their mother's footsteps to enroll at Spelman College back in Atlanta, GA.[2]

Academic life

Challenor was an active member of the Spelman community. She was elected Freshman class president.[1] In 1958 she wrote an article for The Spelman Spotlight, the school paper, entitled “Cowering Experience,” criticizing the traditional rules and lifestyle enforced by the administration upon the students. The school's president, Dr. Albert E. Manley, reprimanded Challenor for the article, and it became a black mark on her record.[3] Nonetheless, Challenor later earned the Merrill Scholarship, which funded a year of study abroad.[4] She went to France and studied at the Sorbonne and the University of Grenoble, where she spent time with African students, many of whom came from countries that were colonized by France.[5] Her experiences in France informed much of her later career. Traveling abroad meant that Challenor graduated a year late from Spelman,[1] but while she was still overseas she was elected Spelman student body president for her final year.[6]

Challenor received her Bachelor of Arts from Spelman College in 1961 (though she is often still listed with her original graduating class of 1960).[7][8][1] In March 1961, Challenor was among students awarded a scholarship for a summer start to graduate school because the Southern Education Foundation and the Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation partnered to encourage students of African-American descent who graduated from Southern colleges to stay in the South to teach.[9]  Challenor found the students in Kentucky politically apathetic for her tastes,[6] and instead went on to receive a Master of Arts from Johns Hopkins University’s School of Advanced International Studies in 1963, where she was their first African-American woman to earn a degree.[10] She then went on to earn her Ph.D. from Columbia University in Political Science: International Relations and African Affairs in 1970.[11] While a doctoral candidate at Columbia she lived in Benin from 1967 to 1968, doing research for her thesis:[12] French Speaking West Africa's Dahomeyan Strangers in Colonization and Decolonization.[13]

The Atlanta Student Movement

While many sources credit Challenor with co-signing the March 9, 1960, Appeal for Human Rights, the students’ manifesto published in local newspapers,[14] Challenor was actually still studying in Paris at the time.[5][15][16][1] Upon her return to Atlanta in September 1960, however, Challenor did become co-chair of the students’ organization, the Committee on Appeal for Human Rights (COAHR). She replaced the founding Co-Chair, John Mack of Clark Atlanta University, who had graduated the previous spring. Her co-leader was Lonnie King.[17][5]

Early in her tenure as co-chair, Challenor helped arrange for Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., to join the students in simultaneous, peaceful COAHR-organized sit-ins at lunch counters around Atlanta.[18][19][20] On October 19, 1960, with students protesting at several different lunch counters around the city,[18] both Challenor and Dr. King protested at Rich's Department Store, the largest store in Atlanta and thus the local leader in business people's decisions with regard to segregation.[21][22] They were both arrested there, along with many other students. Dr. King became Challenor's mentor and remained so until his assassination in 1968, even writing her a letter of recommendation for graduate school.[6]

Challenor quickly became the student spokesperson for the Student-Adult Liaison Committee, a group formed over the summer of 1960 to show a unified African-American front in the fight for desegregation in Atlanta.[23] Challenor would attend various adult-only functions, such as church fundraisers to support jailed students, as the students’ representative.[24] For example, when the Student-Adult Liaison Committee decided to work together to extend the boycott of lunch counters to all downtown Atlanta businesses, Challenor called a press conference with Reverend William Holmes Borders announcing the broader initiative.[25]

Tuesday, February 7, 1961, saw Challenor's second arrest, during a sit-in in Sprayberry's cafeteria, located in a building that also housed federal offices.[26] Most of the students chose to follow the “Jail-no-bail” campaign, while she and Lonnie King posted bail to keep fighting on the students’ behalf in the community.[27]

April, 1961, Challenor, Benjamin Brown, Charles Lyles, and Lonnie King filed a federal lawsuit against “public” facilities owned by the city. They did so without a layer, submitting the suit on the seventh anniversary of Brown v. Board of Education. The filing was a class action on behalf of all African-American residents of Atlanta. On August 27, 1962, the courts ruled in their favor. By this time, Challenor was already studying at Johns Hopkins University and was no longer an active member of the Atlanta Student Movement.[28]

In 2010, the Jimmy Carter Presidential Library & Museum honored Challenor along with thirty-four other women who fought for civil rights in Atlanta. Challenor was a member of the speakers' panel at the event.[29]

Career
  • While working on her doctorate, Challenor did work as an “interpreter escort” for women visiting from African locations for the Women's African Committee of the Africa-American Institute.[30]
  • 1969-1972 Assistant Professor at the City University of New York, Brooklyn College Department of Political Science
  • 1970-1971 Fellow at Adlai Stevenson Institute of International Affairs in Chicago
  • 1972-1972 American Political Science Studies Association Congressional Fellow  (for Charles E Diggs, Jr of Michigan)
  • 1972 Senator George McGovern selected a panel of foreign policy advisors when he was the presidential nominee. Dr. Challenor was among them.
  • 1973-1975 Program Officer for Diversity Education and Research, Ford Foundation
  • 1975-1978 Staff Director for Subcommittee on Africa of Committee on International Relations at US House of Representatives
  • 1978 -1983 Senior Liaison Officer of United Nations Organization for Education, Science, Culture (UNESCO) and Communications Liaison Office in Washington, D.C.
  • 1983 – 1993 Director of Washington office of UNESCO[12]
  • 1993 founding dean of School of International Relations, Clark Atlanta University. While there, she helped use a $3 million grant from the W.K. Kellogg Foundation to "internationalize" the school.[31]
  • 1994, 1999 President Bill Clinton appoints Challenor to one of the six appointed seats on the National Security Education Board (NSEB)[32][33] of the National Security Education Program, where she helps determine the skills national security employees should possess[34]
  • 2002 Professor of International Relations & African Affairs, Department of International Affairs and Development at Clark Atlanta University
  • Special Assistant to former United States Agency for International Development (USAID) administrator Constance Berry Newman.
  • 2004-2006 Director of Democracy and Governance Programs at the USAID Mission in Conakry, Guinea[35]

Publications
  • "No Longer at Ease: Confrontation at the 12th Annual African Studies Association Meeting at Montreal" Africa Today 16, nos. 5–6, pp. 4–7. 1969.
  • "A Challenge to Multilateralism," Africa Report, September Political Science Quarterly 87, no. 3 (1972): 493–96. doi:10.2307/2149236.
  • "United States Foreign Policy Towards Africa." Johnson, Willard R., Goler Butcher, Herschelle Challenor, Karl Gregory, Elizabeth Landis, John Marcum, Ronald Walters, Peter Weiss, and Carol A. Bloomberg. Africa Today 20, no. 1 (1973): 15–44.
  • "The Sahel Drought: A Continuing Disaster," RAINS Information Sheet, November 1, 1973
  • "Trans-Africanism: Towards an African Peoples Alliance." Pp. 17–42 in Proceedings of the Conference on Afro-Americans and Africans: Historical and Political Linkages. Washington, D.C.: Howard University, 1974.
  • Strangers in African Societies, edited by William A. Shack, Elliott Percival Skinner, and Herschelle Challenor. Berkeley, California: University of California Press, 1979.
  • “The Influence of Black Americans on U.S. Foreign Policy Toward Africa.” Pp. 139–74 in Ethnicity and US. Foreign Policy, edited by A. A. Said. New York: Praeger Publishers, 1977.
  • "The Contribution of Ralph Bunche to Trusteeship and Decolonization," in Ralph Bunche, The Man and His Times edited by Benjamin Rivlin. New York: Holmes & Meier, 1990.
  • "Transition: January 1999, Cambridge." Foreign Policy, no. 114 (1999): 135–37. doi:10.2307/1149602.
  • "African Studies at Historically Black Colleges and Universities." African Issues 30, no. 2 (2002): 24–29.

References
  1. Challenor, Herschelle Sullivan (Interviewee) and Jeanne Law Bohannon (Interviewer) (August 25, 2017). Atlanta Student Movement Project: Dr. Herschelle Sullivan Challenor Interview (Transcript). Kansas State University Scholarly Online Access Repository.
  2. Molzhan, Kathryn (July 17, 1966). "Interpreter Speaks Against Prejudice". Post-Crescent. Retrieved February 9, 2020.
  3. Zinn, Howard (2018). Howard Zinn's Southern Diary: Sit-ins, Civil Rights, and Black Women's Student Activism. Athens: University of Georgia Press. p. 62. ISBN 9780820353227.
  4. "To Study Abroad". The Crisis. 66: 573. November 1956 – via Google Books.
  5. Lefever, Harry G. (2005). Undaunted by the Fight: Spelman College and the Civil Rights Movement, 1957/1967. Macon, GA: Mercer University Press. p. 19. ISBN 9780865549388.
  6. Carson, Clayborne; Armstrong, Tenisha; Carson, Susan; Englander, Susan; Cook, Erin (2008). The Martin Luther King, Jr., Encyclopedia. Ann Arbor, MI: Greenwood Press. p. 53. ISBN 9780313294402.
  7. Lefever, Harry G. (2005). Undaunted by the Fight: Spelman College and the Civil Rights Movement, 1957/1967. Macon, GA: Mercer University Press. p. 40. ISBN 9780865549388.
  8. "Herschelle Sullivan Challenor, C'60, Played a Significant Role in the Atlanta Student Movement". Spelman College. March 2016. Retrieved February 10, 2020.
  9. "Negros Will Enter the Teacher Program". Courier-Journal. March 19, 1961. Retrieved February 9, 2020.
  10. "Herschelle Sullivan". SAIS Magazine: 31. Summer 2018.
  11. King, Martin Luther, Clayborne Carson, Peter Holloran, Ralph E. Luker, and Penny A. Russell. 1992. The papers of Martin Luther King, Jr. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 334. ISBN 9780520079502
  12. United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations (1983). Executive Council on Foreign Diplomats: Hearing Before the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, Ninety-eighth Congress, First Session, June 16, 1983. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office. p. 34.
  13. Chanellor, Herschelle (1970). French speaking West Africa's Dahomeyan strangers in colonization and decolonization (Doctoral thesis). New York City: Columbia University. OCLC 6888573.
  14. Grady-Willis, Winston A (2006). Challenging U.S. apartheid: Atlanta and black struggles for human rights, 1960-1977. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. p. 5. ISBN 9780822337782.
  15. King, Lonnie (2013). "Atlanta Student Movement Timeline Committee on Appeal for Human Rights (COAHR) 1960-1964". Civil Rights Movement Archive. Retrieved February 11, 2020.
  16. Grady-Willis, Winston A (2006). Challenging U.S. apartheid: Atlanta and black struggles for human rights, 1960-1977. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. p. 6.
  17. Conner, Alysha (February 22, 2019). "Legacy of the Atlanta Student Movement". Atlanta Voice. Retrieved February 9, 2020.
  18. Lefever, Harry G. (2005). Undaunted by the Fight: Spelman College and the Civil Rights Movement, 1957/1967. Macon, GA: Mercer University Press. p. 62-3. ISBN 9780865549388.
  19. Fort, Vincent D (January 5, 1980). "The Atlanta Sit-In Movement, 1960-1961: an Oral Study". Digital Commons, Atlanta University Center: 32–34.
  20. Lewis, John; D'Orso, Michael (1998). Walking with the wind: a memoir of the movement. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster. p. 120. ISBN 9780684810652.
  21. Ferris, Marcie C (2014). The Edible South: The Power of Food and the Making of an American Region. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. p. 280. ISBN 9781469617695.
  22. "Dawn’s Early Light," Ralph McGill Papers, Woodruff Library, Emory University, Atlanta, GA. https://web.archive.org/web/20000824145052/http://www.unbrokencircle.org/scripts22
  23. Lefever, Harry G. (2005). Undaunted by the Fight: Spelman College and the Civil Rights Movement, 1957/1967. Macon, GA: Mercer University Press. p. 51. ISBN 9780865549388.
  24. Galphin, Bruce (February 20, 1961). "Negroes at Rally Cheer Call for More Support". The Atlanta Constitution. Retrieved February 18, 2020.
  25. Galphin, Bruce (November 30, 1960). "Sit-In Chiefs Widen Downtown Protests". The Atlanta Constitution. Retrieved February 18, 2020.
  26. McCartney, Keeler (February 8, 1961). "Lonnie King, 12 Others Held Under $100 Bond in Sit-In". The Atlanta Constitution. Retrieved February 18, 2020.
  27. Sitton, Claude (February 9, 1961). "Fifty Choose Jail in 3-City Sit-Ins" (PDF). New York Times. Retrieved February 18, 2020.
  28. Ginger, Ann Fagan (November 1962). "Civil Liberties Docket". Meiklejohn Civil Liberties Institute Archives, Bancroft Library, University of California Berkeley. Retrieved February 13, 2020.
  29. Clark, Tony (September 17, 2010). "Carter Library Honors 35 Atlanta Freedom's Sisters: Women Who Fought for Civil Rights in Atlanta" (PDF). Jimmy Carter Presidential Museum and Library. Retrieved February 13, 2020.
  30. Molzahn, Kathryn (July 17, 1966). "Interpreter Speaks Against Prejudice". Post-Crescent. Retrieved February 13, 2020.
  31. Towns, Gail H (June 24, 1997). "Centers of Excellence". Atlanta Constitution.
  32. "President Names Herschelle Challenor to the National Security Education Board". National Archives. August 4, 1994. Retrieved February 13, 2020.
  33. "Nominations Submitted to the Senate." Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents, Oct 25, 1999, 2122-2123.
  34. "National Security Education Board". National Security Education Program.
  35. CHAIRMAN PAYNE ISSUES STATEMENT ON PROSPECTS FOR PEACE IN GUINEA. (2007, Mar 22). US Fed News Service, Including US State News .
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