Fritillaria japonica

Fritillari japonica is a perennial herbaceous bulbous plant, endemic to Japan.[4][5] It is a species in the genus Fritillaria, in the family Liliaceae. It is placed in the subgenus Japonica.

Fritillaria japonica
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
(unranked):
Angiosperms
(unranked):
Monocots
Order:
Liliales
Family:
Liliaceae
Genus:
Fritillaria
Subgenus:
Japonica
Species:
F. japonica
Binomial name
Fritillaria japonica

Description

F. japonica is characterised by the presence of a distinctly divided style, having smooth tepal margins and nectaries and white anthers. The flower is campanulate.[5]

Bulb c. 1 cm, stem 6–12 cm in height. Leaves lanceolate, about 6 cm in length. The lower leaves are opposite, the upper in a whorl of three. Flowers single, broad, campanulate, white with brown marking, unscented. Tepals 1.5–2 cm in length, nectaries yellow and 5–8 mm long, from angle of bell to apex. Style trifid (three-lobed) ovidistal 2 mm. Fruit a capsule not winged, tapering, apex to base, pendant at maturity. Seeds pear-shaped.[6]

Taxonomy

F. japonica was first described by Miquel in 1867, in his Prolusio Florae Japonicae.[1] He provides the following description (in Latin)[lower-alpha 1] — "Stem 5 thumb breadths, arising from a bulb of few scales and scarcely larger than a pea, with 4–5 leaves at its apex, lanceolate and tapering to a point at both ends; single nodding spreading-campanulate flower born on a pedicel; perigonium half a thumb breadth, pointed and recurved at the tip, the outside pale lilac and dotted, the inside dotted lemon yellow and blood red; anthers yellow and elliptical-oblong; stigma with three linear lobes." He ends with Ad iconem libri iaponici determinavi, alluding to the fact he had examined the illustration in Iinuma's Somoku-zusetsubook (1856).

When Baker (1874) divided Fritillaria into subgenera, he was unsure where to place F. japonica and listed it under Species dubiae.[7] From then on there was considerable confusion as to the exact nature of the species and its taxonomic placement.[8] It was not till 2001 that Rix placed all the endemic species of Japan into one subgenus, Japonica,[9] a decision subsequently validated by molecular phylogenetic analysis.[10] Long considered a variety of Fritillaria koidzumiana, it continues to be sold in horticulture as Fritillaria japonica koidzumiana.[11]

Distribution and habitat

Central and southwest Honshu, Japan.[11] Found in peaty woodland soil.[6]

Notes
  1. Caulis 5-pollicaris e bulbo vix maiore basi pauci-squamoso nudus, ....

References
  1. Miquel 1867.
  2. TPL 2013.
  3. IPNI 2005.
  4. WCSP 2017.
  5. AGS 2017.
  6. AGS 2011.
  7. Baker 1874.
  8. Hill 2011.
  9. Rix 2001.
  10. Rønsted et al. 2005.
  11. PBS 2015.

Bibliography
  • Baker, J. G. (1874). "Revision of the Genera and Species of Tulipeae". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. xiv (76). F. sewerzowii p. 267. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1874.tb00314.x.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Hill, Laurence (2011). "A taxonomic history of Japanese endemic Fritillaria (Liliaceae)". Kew Bulletin. 66 (2): 227–240. doi:10.1007/s12225-011-9285-9. JSTOR 23044676.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Miquel, Friedrich Anton Wilhelm (1867). "Fritillaria japonica". Annales Musei botanici lugduno-batavi. 3 (5): 158.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Rix, Martyn (2001). Fritillaria: A Revised Classification: Together with an Updated List of Species. Fritillaria Group of the Alpine Garden Society.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Rønsted, N.; Law, S.; Thornton, H.; Fay, M. F.; Chase, M. W. (2005). "Molecular phylogenetic evidence for the monophyly of Fritillaria and Lilium (Liliaceae; Liliales) and the infrageneric classification of Fritillaria". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 35 (3): 509–527. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.574.7908. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.12.023. PMID 15878122.
  • TPL (2013). "The Plant List 1.1: Fritillaria japonica Miq". Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 16 October 2017.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • WCSP. "Fritillaria japonica Miq.". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 11 October 2017.
  • IPNI (2005). "Fritillaria japonica Miq.". International Plant Names Index. Retrieved 24 October 2017.
  • Roskov Y.; Kunze T.; Orrell T.; Abucay L.; Paglinawan L.; Culham A.; Bailly N.; Kirk P.; Bourgoin T.; Baillargeon G.; Decock W.; De Wever A.; Didžiulis V., eds. (2014). "Fritillaria japonica Miq". Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2014 Annual Checklist. Naturalis, Leiden, the Netherlands: ITIS, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 23 October 2017.
  • "Fritillaria japonica Miq". eMonocot. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 30 October 2017.
  • "Fritillaria japonica". Fritillaria species: A. Fritillaria Group, Alpine Garden Society. Retrieved 17 October 2017.
    • AGS (2011). "Fritillaria japonica". Plant Encyclopaedia. Alpine Garden Society. Retrieved 4 November 2017.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • PBS (25 July 2015). "Fritillaria japonica". Asian Fritillaria. Pacific Bulb Society. Retrieved 4 November 2017.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
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