Frank Fremont-Smith

Frank Fremont-Smith (1895–1974) was an American administrator, executive with the Josiah Macy, Jr. Foundation, president of British General Rees's World Federation of Mental Health, known together with Lawrence K. Frank as motivators of the Macy conferences,[1] and as promoter for interdisciplinary conferences as platforms for advancing knowledge.


Work

Fremont-Smith started working in the 1920s at the department of neuropathology at the Harvard Medical School in Boston, Massachusetts. By 1936 he was a faculty member at Harvard Medical School and at the Boston City Hospital.[2] In that year he moved to become the medical director and the executive secretary of the Macy Foundation, where he started to evolve a problem-solving, multidisciplinary conference format.[2]

Fremont-Smith was familiar with what would become cybernetics' prehistory, because of his involvement in the 1930s in an informal conversational network around neurophysiology and the work of Walter Cannon on homeostasis.[1]

A second initiative he organized in the 1940s was a meeting about "physiological mechanisms underlying the phenomena of conditioned reflexes and hypnosis as related to the problem of cerebral inhibition."[3] This so-called "Cerebral Inhibition Meeting" was sponsored by the Josiah Macy Foundation attended by scientists like Gregory Bateson, and Margaret Mead, and five others. Together they would initiate the Cybernetics Group. Among its members this group was called the "Man-Machine Project". Other participants were Warren McCulloch, Arturo Rosenblueth, Gregory Bateson, Margaret Mead, and Lawrence K. Frank. According to Steinberg (2000) "Rosenblueth, a protégé of Norbert Wiener, set out the broad parameters of the proposed effort." Fremont-Smith later continued his initiative, funding Macy Conferences between 1946 and 1953 on the subject. The first, "Circular Causal and Feedback Mechanisms in Biological and Social Systems", [4] was one of the first organized studies of interdisciplinarity, spawning breakthroughs in systems theory and leading to the foundation of what later was to be known as cybernetics. In the 1950s he was among the first members of the Society for General Systems Research.

Fremont-Smith continued to direct the Macy Conference Program, covering a range of topics in biomedical and social sciences, until 1960.[2] In 1959 he was the organizer of the first ever held conferences on LSD.[3]

In retirement from the Macy Foundation, Fremont-Smith began the Interdisciplinary Communications Program (1968-1976) at the Smithsonian Institution.[5]

Family life

He was married to Frances Eliot Fremont-Smith, and the youngest of their three sons was Eliot Fremont-Smith (1929-2007) a former critic for The New York Times.[6]

Publications
Articles by Frank Fremont-Smith
  • 1932, "The Nature of the Reducing Substances in the Blood Serum of Limulus Polyphemus and in the Serum, Cerebrospinal Fluid and Aqueous Humor of Certain Elasmobranchs", with Mary Elizabeth Dailey in: Biological Bulletin, Vol. 62, No. 1 (Feb., 1932), pp. 37–41
  • 1953, "Rights and responsibilities." in: N C Med J. 1953 Sep ;14 (9):405-8
  • 1958, "The mental health aspects of the peaceful use of atomic energy", in: Am J Orthopsychiatry. 1958 Jul ;28 (3):456-66
  • 1960, "World mental health year". in: Hosp Prog. 1960 Feb ;41 :46-8
  • 1961, "Communication across scientific disciplines", in: J Child Asthma Res Inst Hosp Denver. 1961 Mar ;1 :4-14.
  • 1961, "The Interdisciplinary Conference". in: AIBS Bulletin, Vol. 11, No. 2 (Apr., 1961), pp. 17–32.
  • 1963, "The Interdisciplinary Conference". in: J Asthma Res. 1963 Sep ;65 :3-10
  • 1964, "Medical care, education and research. The role of foundations in mediacal research". in: N Engl J Med. 1964 Dec 24;271 :1348-51
  • 1965, "Small Conferences", in: Science. 1965 Jun 25;148 (3678):1669-1670
  • 1969, "The neurological justification for the use of interruption in communication." in: Trans Am Neurol Assoc. 1969 ;94 :160-4.
  • 1971, "The neurological justification for the use of interruption in communication.", In: Perspect Biol Med. ;14 (2):333-8
About Frank Fremont-Smith
  • 1937, "The cerebrospinal fluid" by Drs. Merrit and Fremont-Smith", in: Science, Friday nov 5 1937.
  • 1948, Lander, J. "New Opportunities for the Improvement of Mental Hospitals:Frank Fremont-Smith. Mental Hygiene XXXI, 1947". in: Psychoanal Q., 17:567. pp. 354–362.
  • 1974, Harry C. Meserve. "Frank Fremont-Smith: 1895–1974" in: Journal Journal of Religion and Health, Issue Volume 13, Number 2 / April, 1974 DOI 10.1007/BF01532748, pages ii-iii.

References
  1. HISTORY OF CYBERNETICS by the ASC, retrieved 15 April 2008
  2. Tudico, Christopher (2012). The History of the Josiah Macy Jr Foundation. Josiah Macy Jr Foundation.
  3. LSD, Mind Control, and the Internet: A Chronology, retrieved 15 April 2008
  4. ASC Cybernetics History of the Macy Conference, retrieved 15 April 2008
  5. Record Unit 300 - Interdisciplinary Communications Program, Records, 1968-1976
  6. Eliot Fremont-Smith, 78, Former Times Critic, Dies - New York Times
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